Chronic Allergen Exposure Might Shift Allergic Mechanisms in Horses with Insect Bite Hypersensitivity

Lam, Juwela; Fettelschoss, Victoria; Olomski, Florian; Rhiner, Tanya; Birkmann, Katharina; Kündig, Thomas M.; Gabriel, Antonia Fettelschoss

doi:10.24966/ciit-8844/1000017

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Blood eosinophil numbers correlate with IBH severity 90 . With chronicity, IgE appears to play a lesser role compared to eosinophils 91 . The eosinophil‐driven delayed type hypersensitivity is characteristic of chronic IBH with accumulation of IL‐5+ Th2 cells.…”

Section: Culicoides Hypersensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of what is known about the immunopathogenesis of hypersensitivities in horses comes from several elegant studies on IBH showing a dysregulated immune system in which Th2 cytokines, including IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6 and IL‐13 and IL‐31 are upregulated 68–71,91,92,104 . Of these cytokines, IL‐31 is a key mediator for itch in humans, dogs, monkeys and mice 179–182 .…”

Section: Atopic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…90 With chronicity, IgE appears to play a lesser role compared to eosinophils. 91 The eosinophildriven delayed type hypersensitivity is characteristic of chronic IBH with accumulation of IL-5+ Th2 cells. Through a phenomenon called T-cell plasticity, a shift from conventional Th2 to pathogenic effector Th2 cells results in high levels of IL-5 cytokine production that promote eosinophil differentiation, migration, activation and survival.…”

Section: Mast Cells and Eosinophilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[176][177][178] Most of what is known about the immunopathogenesis of hypersensitivities in horses comes from several elegant studies on IBH showing a dysregulated immune system in which Th2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-13 and IL-31 are upregulated. [68][69][70][71]91,92,104 Of these cytokines, IL-31 is a key mediator for itch in humans, dogs, monkeys and mice. [179][180][181][182] Its role in equine AD still needs to be fully elucidated although preliminary work shows that IL-31 is a good target to decrease pruritus in IBH horses.…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Equine allergic skin diseases: Clinical consensus guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology

Marsella

White

Fadok

et al. 2023

Veterinary Dermatology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundAllergic skin diseases are common in horses worldwide. The most common causes are insect bites and environmental allergens.ObjectivesTo review the current literature and provide consensus on pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.Materials and MethodsThe authors reviewed the literature up to November 2022. Results were presented at North America Veterinary Dermatology Forum (2021) and European Veterinary Dermatology Congress (2021). The report was available to member organisations of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology for feedback.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceInsect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is the best characterised allergic skin disease. An immunoglobulin (Ig)E response against Culicoides salivary antigens is widely documented. Genetics and environmental factors play important roles. Tests with high sensitivity and specificity are lacking, and diagnosis of IBH is based on clinical signs, seasonality and response to insect control. Eosinophils, interleukin (IL)‐5 and IL‐31 are explored as therapeutic targets. Presently, the most effective treatment is insect avoidance. Existing evidence does not support allergen‐specific immunotherapy (ASIT) using commercially available extracts of Culicoides. Hypersensitivity to environmental allergens (atopic dermatitis) is the next most common allergy. A role for IgE is supported by serological investigation, skin test studies and positive response to ASIT. Prospective, controlled, randomised studies are limited, and treatment relies largely on glucocorticoids, antihistamines and ASIT based on retrospective studies. Foods are known triggers for urticaria, yet their role in pruritic dermatitis is unknown. Recurrent urticaria is common in horses, yet our understanding is limited and focussed on IgE and T‐helper 2 cell response. Prospective, controlled studies on treatments for urticaria are lacking. Glucocorticoids and antihistamines are primary reported treatments.

show abstract

Section: Culicoides Hypersensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Atopic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mast Cells and Eosinophilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Equine allergic skin diseases: Clinical consensus guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology

Marsella

White

Fadok

et al. 2023

Veterinary Dermatology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Comparison of Skin Prick Tests (SPT), Intradermal Tests (IDT) and In Vitro Tests in the Characterization of Insect Bite Hypersensitivity (IBH) in a Population of Lusitano Horses: Contribution for Future Implementation of SPT in IBH Diagnosis

Pessoa,

Branco-Ferreira,

Jónsdóttir

et al. 2023

Animals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Thirty controls (C) and 30 IBH-affected (T) Lusitano horses were evaluated. T horses were included based on anamnesis and physical examination, supported by questionnaires. All horses were submitted to skin tests, Intrademal (IDT) and Skin Prick Tests (SPT), on the neck with 14 specific allergens, 13 recombinant proteins (r-proteins) from Culicoides nubeculosus (Cul n) and Culicoides obsoletus (Cul o) salivary glands and Culicoides nubeculosus Whole Body Extract (Cul n WBE). Addicionally, a cluster of six T and six C horses were also tested with Cul n 3 and Cul n 4 produced in insect cells and barley, as well as E. coli produced Cul o 3 and Cul o WBE. Allergen concentrations were 10 µg/mL for IDT and 100 µg/mL for SPT, and wheal diameters assessed at 20 min, 6 and 48 h. IDTs were considered positive when wheal diameter was ≥50% of the histamine wheal and SPT’s ≥ 0.9 cm. In vitro tests, allergen-specific serum IgE and sulfidoleukotriene (sLT) release assay were also carried out. Results showed that Cul n WBE, Cul n 7, 8, 9, Cul o1P and Cul o 2P were the best performing allergens for SPTs (p ≤ 0.0001) for the 1st allergen panel and Cul o WBE, Cul n 3 Bar and Cul n 4 Bac (p ≤ 0.05) for the 2nd, presenting a higher discriminatory diagnostic potential than IDTs, at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, with readings assessed at 20 min. Regarding in vitro tests overall, the sLT release assay performed best.

show abstract

Chronic Allergen Exposure Might Shift Allergic Mechanisms in Horses with Insect Bite Hypersensitivity

Abstract: The disease is, on one hand, characterized by allergic pruritus mediated by IL-31; but on the other hand, it is also IgE type I-mediated, however, with involvement of eosinophil-driven delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) IVb characteristics.

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Equine allergic skin diseases: Clinical consensus guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology

Equine allergic skin diseases: Clinical consensus guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology

Comparison of Skin Prick Tests (SPT), Intradermal Tests (IDT) and In Vitro Tests in the Characterization of Insect Bite Hypersensitivity (IBH) in a Population of Lusitano Horses: Contribution for Future Implementation of SPT in IBH Diagnosis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About