Chronic (1-Year) Oral Toxicity Study of Erythritol in Dogs

Dean, I.; Jackson, F. S.; Greenough, R. J.

doi:10.1006/rtph.1996.0106

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Unlike in humans, the safe dosage range of xylitol in dogs is narrow and there is a risk of xylitol toxicity such as hypoglycemia and acute liver failure, which raises safety concerns ( 46 , 47 ). In contrast, erythritol was less likely to cause hypoglycemia and appeared to be safe for dogs, as determined by oral toxicity studies ( 48 , 49 ). Therefore, topical application of erythritol is expected to have the potential to alleviate the clinical severity of canine pyoderma caused by SC or to prevent its recurrence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Erythritol alters phosphotransferase gene expression and inhibits the in vitro growth of Staphylococcus coagulans isolated from canines with pyoderma

Onishi-Sakamoto,

Fujii,

Watanabe

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Staphylococcus coagulans (SC) belongs to a group of coagulase-positive staphylococci occasionally isolated from the skin lesions of dogs with pyoderma. We recently revealed that erythritol, a sugar alcohol, inhibited the growth of SC strain JCM7470. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in this growth inhibition of JCM7470 by erythritol, and determine whether erythritol inhibits the growth of SC isolated from the skin of dogs with pyoderma. Comprehensive analysis of the gene expression of JCM7470 in the presence of erythritol revealed that erythritol upregulated the expression of glcB and ptsG genes, both of which encode phosphotransferase system (PTS) glucoside- and glucose-specific permease C, B, and A domains (EIICBA), respectively, associated with sugar uptake. Moreover, erythritol suppressed in vitro growth of all 27 SC strains isolated from the skin lesions of canine pyoderma, including 13 mecA gene-positive and 14 mecA gene-negative strains. Finally, the growth inhibition of the SC clinical isolates by erythritol was restored by the addition of glucose. In summary, we revealed that erythritol promotes PTS gene expression and suppresses the in vitro growth of SC clinical isolates from dogs with pyoderma. Restoration of the erythritol-induced growth inhibition by glucose suggested that glucose starvation may contribute to the growth inhibition of SC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Erythritol alters phosphotransferase gene expression and inhibits the in vitro growth of Staphylococcus coagulans isolated from canines with pyoderma

Onishi-Sakamoto,

Fujii,

Watanabe

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…Unpublished study report. Data from this unpublished study report were subsequently published in Dean et al., 1996. TNO‐CIVO Industries, 1996. Dietary two‐generation reproduction study with erythritol in rats.…”

Section: Documentation As Provided To Efsamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At this time point, faeces excretions amounted to 0 ± 0, 0.97 ± 0.53, 1.6 ± 1.10 and 4.5 ± 0.36 g erythritol/24 h in males and 0 ± 0, 0.71 ± 0.59, 1.3 ± 0.98 and 1.7 ± 1.50 g erythritol/24 h in females at the 0, 2, 5 or 10% dose levels respectively (IRI, 1992 in Documentation provided to EFSA No. 6, subsequently published in Dean et al, 1996).…”

Section: Dogsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Re‐evaluation of erythritol (E 968) as a food additive

Younes,

Aquilina,

Castle

et al. 2023

EFS2

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This opinion addresses the re-evaluation of erythritol (E 968) as food additive and an application for its exemption from the laxative warning label requirement as established under Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011. Erythritol is a polyol obtained by fermentation with Moniliella pollinis BC or Moniliella megachiliensis KW3-6, followed by purifications and drying. Erythritol is readily and dose-dependently absorbed in humans and can be metabolised to erythronate to a small extent. Erythritol is then excreted unchanged in the urine. It does not raise concerns regarding genotoxicity. The dataset evaluated consisted of human interventional studies. The Panel considered that erythritol has the potential to cause diarrhoea in humans, which was considered adverse because its potential association with electrolyte and water imbalance. The lower bound of the range of no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) for diarrhoea of 0.5 g/kg body weight (bw) was identified as reference point. The Panel considered appropriate to set a numerical acceptable daily intake (ADI) at the level of the reference point. An ADI of 0.5 g/kg bw per day was considered by the Panel to be protective for the immediate laxative effect as well as potential chronic effects, secondary to diarrhoea. The highest mean and 95th percentile chronic exposure was in children (742 mg/kg bw per day) and adolescents (1532 mg/kg bw per day). Acute exposure was maximally 3531 mg/kg bw per meal for children at the 99th percentile. Overall, the Panel considered both dietary exposure assessments an overestimation. The Panel concluded that the exposure estimates for both acute and chronic dietary exposure to erythritol (E 968) were above the ADI, indicating that individuals with high intake may be at risk of experiencing adverse effects after single and repeated exposure. Concerning the new application, the Panel concluded that the available data do not support the proposal for exemption.

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“…These findings suggest erythritol has potential for use as a human‐ and mammal‐safe insecticide. Erythritol has low or no toxicity to humans and several other mammal species (Bernt, Borzelleca, Flamm, & Munro, ; Dean, Jackson, & Greenough, ; Noda & Oku, ; Storey, Lee, Bornet, & Brouns, ) and is approved for human food consumption (Cock, ). Erythritol is widely used as a commercial non‐nutritive sweetener.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Erythritol ingestion impairs adult reproduction and causes larval mortality in Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

O’Donnell

Baudier

Fiocca

et al. 2017

J Applied Entomology

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Previous feeding studies showed the polyalcohol erythritol was toxic when ingested by adult laboratory fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). We asked whether erythritol could additionally affect fly population growth either through larval toxicity or through effects on adult reproduction. Females did not avoid laying on food substrates with 1M erythritol; laying rate on 1M erythritol food was similar to control food when females were given free‐choice access. Eggs laid or placed on 0.5 M to 2.5 M erythritol foods hatched at normal rates, suggesting erythritol was not toxic to eggs upon contact. Drosophila melanogaster larvae readily consumed food containing 1 M erythritol, but none of these larvae reached pupation. Longevity of larvae feeding on in 1 M erythritol food was significantly reduced relative to controls, and mean ± SE larval lifespan on erythritol was 1.54 ± 0.10 days (max. = 3 days). Exposing cohorts of second‐instar larvae to food with varying concentrations of erythritol showed the LD50 (at 24 hr) concentration was approximately 0.6 M. Taken together, these results suggest erythritol could be employed in effective larval‐sink baits. Adults flies fed with erythritol produced significantly fewer eggs on days when they fed on 1 M erythritol, and egg production was significantly reduced for one additional day after the adults were moved to control food. These findings suggest erythritol is rapid and effective at temporarily suppressing D. melanogaster reproduction, increasing its potential for use in effective insect population control.

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Chronic (1-Year) Oral Toxicity Study of Erythritol in Dogs

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Erythritol alters phosphotransferase gene expression and inhibits the in vitro growth of Staphylococcus coagulans isolated from canines with pyoderma

Erythritol alters phosphotransferase gene expression and inhibits the in vitro growth of Staphylococcus coagulans isolated from canines with pyoderma

Re‐evaluation of erythritol (E 968) as a food additive

Erythritol ingestion impairs adult reproduction and causes larval mortality in Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

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