Chromosome assignment of human genes / by Ann M. Kays

Abstract

Two human genes were assigned to chromosomes. Cartilage-derived morphogenic protein 1 (CDMPl-PEN) was assigned to chromosome 20 and asialoglycoprotein receptor 2 (ASGR2) was assigned to one of six different chromosomes using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis (Chang, Spiess). PCR is a DNA amplification technique in which a specific sequence is exponentially amplified through the action of a thermostable enzyme that polymerizes complementary nucleotides to a single stranded DNA template to extend primers used to locate the gene by complementary base pairing. Detection is made by analyzing the PCR product using gel electrophoresis, a separation technique in which DNA is caused to migrate through a semisolid matrix in an electrical current. Chromosomal assignment was made if the primers located the unassigned gene in the chromosomal DNA; exponentially amplified the gene; and produced discemable bands using gel electrophoresis. Data collected in this research project will be beneficial to the Human Genome Project. The Human Genome Project is a worldwide , collaborative research initiative to produce physical, genetic, and cytogenetic maps of the human genome and, ultimately, identify, sequence, and assign all 50,000 to 100,000 human genes (Collins). Genes successfully assigned to chromosomes will provide researchers with the necessary data to determine the specific location of the gene on the chromosome (Adams).

Forced Turbulent Heat Convection in a Rectangular Duct with Non-Uniform Wall Temperature

“…The Figures 4(b) and 5(a) shown new results investigated in present study, which is observed a distortion of the temperatures field and as consequence a variation of the Nusselt number caused mainly by the distribution of the non-uniform wall temperature (Case I and II, with fluid air and Re=65000, respectively). Most applications can be approximated by the functions sine and cosine in the wall, but we are able to resolve by means of the methodology presented, any peripheral heat flux variation that can be expressed by a Fourier expansion (Kays and Crawford [30]). The Figure 5(b) shows the comparisons of the behavior of the curves "Tb" and "DTb/dz" in the direction of the main flow for Case II and Case uniform wall temperature.…”

“…It is possible to develop a formula similar to Kays and Crawford [30], and a new expression for the turbulent energy equation can be presented as:…”

“…Kays and Crawford [30] developed a formulation to rectangular cross section ducts. They considered the boundary conditions with prescribed uniform wall temperatures at the cross section, and at the duct length.…”

“…Most of the works presented in the literature show results assuming constant temperature on the wall. However, in many engineering applications the heat fluxes and surface temperatures are non-constants around the duct, therefore becoming important the knowledge of the variation of the conductance around the duct, according to Kays and Crawford [30]. According to Garcia´s developments [31], it is possible to carry out analysis with non-constant wall temperature boundary conditions.…”

Instantaneous Heat Flux Simulation of a Motored Reciprocating Engine: Unsteady Thermal Boundary Layer With Variable Turbulent Thermal Conductivity

“…The turbulent thermal conductivity within the boundary layer can be written as [13] where ß^ is the ratio of the turbulent viscosity to the molecular viscosity (4) Another formula was proposed by Kays and others [19] and cited by Kays [18] as the following expression:…”