Chromosomal Integration of Human Herpesvirus 6 Is the Major Mode of Congenital Human Herpesvirus 6 Infection

Hall, Caroline Breese; Caserta, Mary T.; Schnabel, Kenneth C.; Shelley, Lynne; Mariño, Andrea; Carnahan, Jennifer; Yoo, Christina; Lofthus, Geraldine; McDermott, Michael P.

doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2838

Cited by 175 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…21 Human herpes virus 6 was discovered in 1986 and two subtypes can be found, type A and type B. HHV6-B is extremely widespread in the population and infects almost all children within the first few years of life establishing latency after primary infection. 22 As expected, none of the cord blood used in this study showed HHV6 positivity 23 and all HHV6 infections were because of the type B virus. 22 Thus, we postulate that HHV6 originates from the reactivation of endogenous HHV6.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Human herpes virus 6 infection is a hallmark of cord blood transplant in adults and may participate to delayed engraftment: a comparison with matched unrelated donors as stem cell source

Chevallier

Hebia-Fellah²,

Planche

et al. 2009

Bone Marrow Transplant

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Occurrence of CMV, EBV and human herpes virus 6 (HHV6) infections and immune reconstitution were compared in 15 adult patients receiving a cord blood transplantation (CBT) and 40 patients who received an allogeneic transplantation from a matched unrelated donor (MUD). Herpes virus DNA quantifications in the blood (459 samples) were performed before and then monthly up to 9 months after transplant and the main lymphocytes populations were counted at 3, 6 and 9 months. Incidence of HHV6 infection was significantly higher in the CBT group (80 vs 42.5%; Po0.0001), with higher viral load (Po0.0001). In multivariate analysis, the use of a CBT and a myeloablative conditioning regimen were found to increase the risk of HHV6 infection (odds ratio (OR) ¼ 5.4, P ¼ 0.02 and OR ¼ 3.5, P ¼ 0.04, respectively). Incidences of CMV were similar between the two groups whereas MUD increased the risk of EBV infection, in univariate analysis only. HHV6 reactivation translated toward delayed neutrophils and plts engraftment in the two groups. MUD and CBT do not share the same immune reconstitution patterns, notably for B and CD8 lymphocytes and NK cells. There is a strong and specific relationship between HHV6 infection and the use of cord blood cells.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Human herpes virus 6 infection is a hallmark of cord blood transplant in adults and may participate to delayed engraftment: a comparison with matched unrelated donors as stem cell source

Chevallier

Hebia-Fellah²,

Planche

et al. 2009

Bone Marrow Transplant

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“…27 This condition, ciHHV-6, is considered to be present in ∼ 1% of the populations of the United States and United Kingdom. 28,29 Although ciHHV-6 can be induced to a state of viral replication both in vitro 27 and in vivo, 30,31 whether the integrated virus can reactivate and cause disease in the setting of allo-HCT is unknown. To date, only one case of a patient with ciHHV-6A and HHV-6A reactivation as a possible cause of HHV-6 encephalitis in the setting of allo-HCT has been reported.…”

Section: Disease Associations: We Do Not Know the Precise Disease Assmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human herpesvirus-6 encephalitis after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: What we do and do not know

Ogata

Fukuda²,

Teshima

2015

Bone Marrow Transplant

102

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Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) encephalitis following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation is a serious and often fatal complication accompanying reactivation of HHV-6B. Incidence varies among studies, but is reportedly 0-11.6% after bone marrow or PBSC transplantation and 4.9-21.4% after umbilical cord blood transplantation, typically around 2-6 weeks post transplant. Symptoms are characterized by memory loss, loss of consciousness and seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) typically shows bilateral signal abnormalities in the limbic system. This complication is considered to represent acute encephalitis caused by direct virally induced damage to the central nervous system, but our understanding of the etiologies and pathogenesis is still limited. The mortality rate attributable to this pathology remains high, and survivors are often left with serious sequelae such as impaired memory and epilepsy. Despite the poor prognosis, no validated treatments or preventative measures have been established. Establishment of preventative strategies represents an important challenge. This article reviews the current knowledge of the clinical features, incidence, pathogenesis and treatment of HHV-6 encephalitis, and discusses issues needing clarification in the future to overcome this serious complication.

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“…Comparative genomic studies have provided evidence for progressive LGTs from Wolbachia to arthropods, insects and nematodes, and transfers involve nearly the entire Wolbachia genome [24-26]. Other cases are observed in human genomes, as Trypanosoma cruzi sequences have integrated into human genomes [27], and HHV6 sequences were also found integrated in patient genomes and were even transmitted to descendants [28]. Finally, a recent study supported a scenario in which Myxococcales may have contributed key metabolic genes to the first eukaryotes [22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The rhizome of Reclinomonas americana, Homo sapiens, Pediculus humanus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria

Georgiades

Raoult

2011

Biology Direct

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BackgroundMitochondria are thought to have evolved from eubacteria-like endosymbionts; however, the origin of the mitochondrion remains a subject of debate. In this study, we investigated the phenomenon of chimerism in mitochondria to shed light on the origin of these organelles by determining which species played a role in their formation. We used the mitochondria of four distinct organisms, Reclinomonas americana, Homo sapiens, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and multichromosome Pediculus humanus, and attempted to identify the origin of each mitochondrial gene.ResultsOur results suggest that the origin of mitochondrial genes is not limited to the Rickettsiales and that the creation of these genes did not occur in a single event, but through multiple successive events. Some of these events are very old and were followed by events that are more recent and occurred through the addition of elements originating from current species. The points in time that the elements were added and the parental species of each gene in the mitochondrial genome are different to the individual species. These data constitute strong evidence that mitochondria do not have a single common ancestor but likely have numerous ancestors, including proto-Rickettsiales, proto-Rhizobiales and proto-Alphaproteobacteria, as well as current alphaproteobacterial species. The analysis of the multichromosome P. humanus mitochondrion supports this mechanism.ConclusionsThe most plausible scenario of the origin of the mitochondrion is that ancestors of Rickettsiales and Rhizobiales merged in a proto-eukaryotic cell approximately one billion years ago. The fusion of the Rickettsiales and Rhizobiales cells was followed by gene loss, genomic rearrangements and the addition of alphaproteobacterial elements through ancient and more recent recombination events. Each gene of each of the four studied mitochondria has a different origin, while in some cases, multichromosomes may allow for enhanced gene exchange. Therefore, the tree of life is not sufficient to explain the chimeric structure of current genomes, and the theory of a single common ancestor and a top-down tree does not reflect our current state of knowledge. Mitochondrial evolution constitutes a rhizome, and it should be represented as such.ReviewersThis article was revised by William Martin, Arcady Mushegian and Eugene V. Koonin.

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Chromosomal Integration of Human Herpesvirus 6 Is the Major Mode of Congenital Human Herpesvirus 6 Infection

Cited by 175 publications

References 34 publications

Human herpes virus 6 infection is a hallmark of cord blood transplant in adults and may participate to delayed engraftment: a comparison with matched unrelated donors as stem cell source

Human herpes virus 6 infection is a hallmark of cord blood transplant in adults and may participate to delayed engraftment: a comparison with matched unrelated donors as stem cell source

Human herpesvirus-6 encephalitis after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: What we do and do not know

The rhizome of Reclinomonas americana, Homo sapiens, Pediculus humanus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria

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