Rhizobium tibeticum sp. nov., a symbiotic bacterium isolated from Trigonella archiducisnicolai (Ć irj.) Vassilcz. Isolated from root nodules of Trigonella archiducis-nicolai (Ć irj.) Vassilcz. grown in Tibet, China, cells of the bacterial strains CCBAU 85039 T and CCBAU 85027 were Gram-negative, aerobic, motile, non-spore-forming rods that formed colonies that were semi-translucent and opalescent on yeast extract-mannitol agar. In numerical taxonomy, SDS-PAGE analysis of whole-cell proteins and DNA-DNA hybridization, the two strains were very similar and were different from reference strains of defined Rhizobium species. In the phylogeny based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, they were most similar to Rhizobium etli CFN 42 T (98.2 % similarity) and R. leguminosarum USDA 2370 T (97.6 %). Sequence analyses of the housekeeping genes recA, atpD and glnII and the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer, phenotypic characteristics and cellular fatty acid profiles strongly suggested that these two strains represented a novel species within Rhizobium. Crossnodulation tests and sequencing of nifH and nodA genes showed that these two strains were symbiotic bacteria that nodulated Trigonella archiducis-nicolai, Medicago lupulina, Medicago sativa, Melilotus officinalis, Phaseolus vulgaris and Trigonella foenum-graecum. Based on the results, the novel species Rhizobium tibeticum sp. nov. is described to accommodate the two strains. The type strain is CCBAU 85039 T (5LMG 24453 T 5CGMCC 1.7071 T ). The DNA G+C content of this strain is 59.7 mol% (T m ).The genus Rhizobium was first described by Frank (1889) to accommodate all symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with legumes. After a series of revisions, some earlier described species have been moved into Bradyrhizobium (Jordan, 1982), Sinorhizobium (de Lajudie et al., 1994) and Mesorhizobium (Jarvis et al., 1997), while many novel species and genera of rhizobia within the Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria have been reported (NZ Rhizobia, 2008). The current genus Rhizobium includes about 30 species of fast-growing, acid-producing rhizobia, which can be differentiated from Sinorhizobium species on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogeny. With the exception of Rhizobium cellulosilyticus (Garcia-Fraile et al., 2007), most of them can induce root nodules on a certain range of legume species.In a survey of rhizobial resources in Tibet, 12 strains of root-nodule bacteria were isolated with yeast mannitol agar (YMA) medium according to the method of Vincent (1970) from root nodules of Trigonella archiducis-nicolai (Ć irj.) Vassilcz., an ephemeral legume growing in grasslands at altitudes of 3700-4000 m. Six of them were identified as Sinorhizobium meliloti, and six as Rhizobium strains (Hou et al., 2009). Among the Rhizobium strains, CCBAU 85039 T and CCBAU 85027 were classified as a small group by numerical taxonomy, amplified 16S rRNA gene restriction analysis, amplified 16S-23S intergenic spacer restriction analysis and 16S rRNA gene phylogeny (Hou et al., 2009). To...