Chromomycosis Due to<i>Cladosporium trichoides</i>Treated with 5-Fluorocytosine: A Case Report

Nsanzumuhire, H; Vollum, Dorothy I.; Poltera, Anthony A.

doi:10.1093/ajcp/61.2.257

Cited by 15 publications

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“…5 Although systemic infection is more common, there have been several reports of cutaneous infection caused by C bantiana (Table I). [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] A case of pulmonary phaeohyphomycosis treated successfully with surgery has also been reported. 15 J AM ACAD DERMATOL VOLUME 52, NUMBER 5 Although it is difficult to draw conclusions on the basis of so few cases of cutaneous infection, some general patterns can be discerned.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eumycotic mycetoma caused by Cladophialophora bantiana in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus

Werlinger

Moore

2005

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infections occurred in 4 patients with no history of immunosuppression. 6,7,10,13 In cases of central nervous system infection, aggressive medical and surgical treatment promises the best chance for survival. 5,18 In cutaneous infection, both surgical treatment and systemic antifungal therapy have proven effective.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eumycotic mycetoma caused by Cladophialophora bantiana in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus

Werlinger

Moore

2005

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

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“…In the fungal cytoplasm, 5-flucytosine is deaminated and becomes 5-fluorouracil, which acts as an antimetabolite [170], causing RNA miscoding and inhibiting DNA synthesis (Figure 7(b)). The first cases of CBM treated with 5-flucytosine occurred in the early 1970s [31,171]; however, the development of resistance was a concern and led to the abandonment of monotherapy with this drug. In contrast, 5-flucytosine at 50-150 mg/kg/day has recently been used in association with itraconazole at 100-400 mg/kg/day for the treatment of CBM [172,173].…”

Section: Treatment Of Cbmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing the Etiologic Agents, Microbe-Host Relationship, Immune Response, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Chromoblastomycosis

Passero

Cavallone

Belda

2021

Journal of Immunology Research

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Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a neglected human disease, caused by different species of pigmented dematiaceous fungi that cause subcutaneous infections. This disease has been considered an occupational disease, occurring among people working in the field of agriculture, particularly in low-income countries. In 1914, the first case of CBM was described in Brazil, and although efforts have been made, few scientific and technological advances have been made in this area. In the field of fungi and host cell relationship, a very reduced number of antigens were characterized, but available data suggest that ectoantigens bind to the cell membrane of host cells and modulate the phagocytic, immunological, and microbicidal responses of immune cells. Furthermore, antigens cleave extracellular proteins in tissues, allowing fungi to spread. On the contrary, if phagocytic cells are able to present antigens in MHC molecules to T lymphocytes in the presence of costimulation and IL-12, a Th1 immune response will develop and a relative control of the disease will be observed. Despite knowledge of the resistance and susceptibility in CBM, up to now, no effective vaccines have been developed. In the field of chemotherapy, most patients are treated with conventional antifungal drugs, such as itraconazole and terbinafine, but these drugs exhibit limitations, considering that not all patients heal cutaneous lesions. Few advances in treatment have been made so far, but one of the most promising ones is based on the use of immunomodulators, such as imiquimod. Data about a standard treatment are missing in the medical literature; part of it is caused by the existence of a diversity of etiologic agents and clinical forms. The present review summarizes the advances made in the field of CBM related to the diversity of pathogenic species, fungi and host cell relationship, antigens, innate and acquired immunity, clinical forms of CBM, chemotherapy, and diagnosis.

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Chromoblastomycosis

Walter

Garin

Richard-Lenoble

1982

Virchows Arch. A Path. Anat. and Histol.

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Chromoblastomycosis is a distinct cutaneous mycotic infection. Histologically it is characterized by the presence of fungus invariably in the yeast phase and by macrophages in large numbers. The morphology of fungus in both yeast and hyphal phases and its interaction with mononuclear phagocytes were examined using ultrastructural techniques. The major structural difference between the fungus in cutaneous tissue and that from a culture medium was a striking increase in cell wall thickness in the former. In the skin, the organisms were phagocytised by macrophages and enclosed in large membrane limited intracytoplasmic vacuoles. The thick, stratified, electron-dense fungal cell wall was observed in stages of alteration of varying severity. Most common was a granular modification of the outermost layers of the cell wall in contact with the vacuolar content. Fragmentation, splitting and rupture of this and deeper layers was also seen. Several ultrastructural features suggested that cell wall damage resulted from an active host cell digestion. The cell wall changes were in sharp contrast with the usual normal fungal cytoplasmic appearance. Only rare intracellular debris which we supposed to represent dead yeast cells were found. These findings suggested that the yeast responsible for chromoblastomycosis resisted fungicidal activities of cutaneous macrophages which possessed the ultrastructural features of stimulated phagocytes.

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Chromomycosis Due toCladosporium trichoidesTreated with 5-Fluorocytosine: A Case Report

Cited by 15 publications

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Eumycotic mycetoma caused by Cladophialophora bantiana in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus

Eumycotic mycetoma caused by Cladophialophora bantiana in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus

Reviewing the Etiologic Agents, Microbe-Host Relationship, Immune Response, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Chromoblastomycosis

Chromoblastomycosis

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