Chromomycin A₅ induces bonafide immunogenic cell death in metastatic melanoma

Abstract

Some first-line cytotoxic chemotherapics, e.g. doxorubicin, paclitaxel and oxaliplatin, induce activation of the immune system through immunogenic cell death (ICD). Tumor cells undergoing ICD function as a vaccine, releasing damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which act as adjuvants, and neoantigens of the tumor are recognized as antigens. ICD induction is rare, however it yields better and long-lasting antitumor responses to chemotherapy. Advanced metastatic melanoma (AMM) is incurable for more than half of patients. The discovery of ICD inducers against AMM is an interesting drug discovery strategy with high translational potential. Here we evaluated ICD induction of four highly cytotoxic chromomycins A (CA5-8). B16-F10, a metastatic melanoma cell line, treated with CA5-8 and doxorubicin exhibited ICD features such as autophagy and apoptosis, externalization of calreticulin, and releasing of HMGB1. However, CA5-treated cells had the best profile, also inducing ATP release, ERp57 externalization, phosphorylation of eIF2a and altering expression of transcription of genes related to autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis. Bonafide ICD induction by CA5 was confirmed by a C57BL/6 mice vaccination assay with CA5-treated cells. These findings support a high potential of CA5 as an anticancer candidate against AMM.