Chromium(<scp>VI</scp>) release from leather and metals can be detected with a diphenylcarbazide spot test

Bregnbak, David; Johansen, Jeanne Duus; Jellesen, Morten Stendahl; Zachariae, Claus; Thyssen, Jacob P.

doi:10.1111/cod.12406

Cited by 50 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…However, a legislation change in 1989 aimed to reduce the presence of chromium in cement caused a rapid decrease in sensitizations, thus proving an example of a useful prevention strategy . Of note, the use of diphenylcarbazide as a colorimetric spot test reagent has been suggested as a good method for detecting the release of chromium ions from leather products …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trend of relevant contact allergens of the feet in Spain over a period of 10 years

et al. 2019

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Introduction Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) of the feet accounts for approximately 10% of all patch tested patients. Objective To study the clinical profile of patients with feet dermatitis and relevant contact allergens in Spain over a 10‐year period. Methods Retrospective observational study of patients with suspected ACD from the GEIDAC (Spanish Research Group on Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy) baseline series from eight hospitals in Spain between 2004 and 2014. The clinical data collected from each patient were age, sex, occupation, history of atopic dermatitis, and eczema location. Results A total of 450 cases clinically presented dermatitis affecting the feet; of these, 41% of were males and 5.6% were suspected to be of occupational origin. As much as 47% were diagnosed with ACD, 20% with atopic dermatitis/dyshidrotic eczema, and 5% with psoriasis. The “feet group” included statistically significantly more females in the age range of 21 to 60 years. The most frequent relevant contact allergens were potassium dichromate, cobalt(II) chloride, p‐tert‐butylphenol formaldehyde resin, mercapto mix, and mercaptobenzothiazole. Conclusions ACD is the most frequent clinical diagnosis of feet dermatitis in our series. The most frequent allergens are similar to those published in other series of foot ACD in Europe and the trend has not changed in the studied decade.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trend of relevant contact allergens of the feet in Spain over a period of 10 years

et al. 2019

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“…A similar set of leather pieces was conditioned at 70°C and 35% RH [the upper limit for formation of Cr(VI) ] for 24 h. These samples were not taken out of the environmental chamber, and spot testing was performed in the chamber. The test was performed by applying a drop (∼100 µl, with a micropipette) of DPC solution directly onto the dry leather, and also by rubbing a white cottonwool stick (cotton swab), which had been entirely moistened (by dipping a part of the stick in the DPC solution), against the leather for 30 seconds, as in .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromium(III) and chromium(VI) release from leather during 8 months of simulated use

Hedberg

Lidén

2016

Contact Dermatitis

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SummaryBackgroundChromium (Cr) release from Cr‐tanned leather articles is a major cause of Cr contact dermatitis. It has been suggested that Cr(VI) release from leather is not necessarily an intrinsic property of the leather, but is strongly dependent on environmental conditions.ObjectivesTo test this hypothesis for long‐term (8 months) simulated use.Materials and methodsThe release of total Cr and Cr(VI) from Cr‐tanned, unfinished leather was analysed in subsequent phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) immersions for a period of 7.5 months. The effect of combined ultraviolet treatment and alkaline solution (pH 12.1) was tested. Dry storage [20% relative humidity (RH)] was maintained between immersions. Atomic absorption spectroscopy, X‐ray fluorescence and diphenylcarbazide tests were used.Results Cr(VI) release was dependent on previous dry storage or alkaline treatment, but not on duration or number of previous immersions. Cr(III) release decreased with time. Fifty‐two percent of the total Cr released during the last immersion period was Cr(VI). Cr(VI) release exceeded 9 mg/kg in all immersion periods except in the first 10‐day immersion (2.6 mg/kg).Conclusions Cr(VI) release is primarily determined by environmental factors (RH prior to immersion, solution pH, and antioxidant content). The RH should be kept low prior to testing Cr(VI) release from leather.

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“…The pH was adjusted to 8.5 with 1 M HCl and 0.1 M NaOH. The total chromium content was determined to 84 ppm with atomic absorption spectrometry and the Cr(VI) content was determined to approximately 50 ppm with atomic absorption spectrometry and the diphenyl carbazide spot test …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin application of glutathione and iron sulfate can inhibit elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis from hexavalent chromium

et al. 2019

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CorrespondenceTina Lejding, Skånes universitetssjukhus, Yrkes-, och miljödermatologiska avdelningen, Jan Waldenströmsgata 16, plan 5, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden. AbstractBackground: Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) caused by hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), is often severe and difficult to treat. The most common source of exposure to Cr(VI) in Sweden used to be cement, and more recently leather. The contact allergy can be diminished or inhibited if the exposure is decreased or ceases. Barrier creams against different kinds of allergens have been investigated for their protective properties which may offer protection against Cr(VI) exposure.Objectives: To investigate the capacity of formulas containing glutathione (GSH) and iron sulfate to inhibit elicitation of ACD in Cr(VI)-allergic individuals when exposed to Cr(VI). Methods:In 18 Cr(VI)-allergic volunteers the back was divided into eight patch test areas which were treated with preparations of possible barrier creams, prior to patch testing with a dilution series of potassium dichromate and a buffered extract of cement.Results: A significant reduction in reactivity to Cr(VI) and cement extract on skin treated with formulas containing GSH or iron sulfate was noticed, compared with untreated skin.Conclusion: Formulas containing GSH or iron sulfate in barrier creams inhibit ACD in individuals allergic to Cr(VI) when applied before exposure to Cr(VI) and cement extract.allergic contact dermatitis, barrier cream, chromate, contact allergy, Cr(III), Cr(VI), delayed hypersensitivity, hexavalent chromium, patch testing, prevention, trivalent chromium

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Chromium(VI) release from leather and metals can be detected with a diphenylcarbazide spot test

Abstract: The use of DPC as a colorimetric spot test reagent appears to be a good and valid test method for detecting the release of chromium(VI) ions from leather and metal articles. The spot test has the potential to become a valuable screening tool.

Cited by 50 publications

References 30 publications

Trend of relevant contact allergens of the feet in Spain over a period of 10 years

Trend of relevant contact allergens of the feet in Spain over a period of 10 years

Chromium(III) and chromium(VI) release from leather during 8 months of simulated use

Skin application of glutathione and iron sulfate can inhibit elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis from hexavalent chromium

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