Chromium(III) cross-linked poly(acylamide co-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) hydrogels, prepared by frontal polymerization in aqueous solutions

Ghazinezhad, M.; Grinyuk, E. V.; Krul, L. P.

doi:10.1134/s1070427215080224

Cited by 2 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Free-radical polymerizations are the most common type of frontal systems, with over 80 published reports as of 2022 (refs , , , , − , , − , , − , , − , , , , , , − ). Three distinct mechanistic regimes exist for chain growth radical polymerizations (see the simplified Scheme ).…”

Section: Chemistries Of Existing Frontal Polymerization Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontal Polymerizations: From Chemical Perspectives to Macroscopic Properties and Applications

et al. 2023

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The synthesis and processing of most thermoplastics and thermoset polymeric materials rely on energy-inefficient and environmentally burdensome manufacturing methods. Frontal polymerization is an attractive, scalable alternative due to its exploitation of polymerization heat that is generally wasted and unutilized. The only external energy needed for frontal polymerization is an initial thermal (or photo) stimulus that locally ignites the reaction. The subsequent reaction exothermicity provides local heating; the transport of this thermal energy to neighboring monomers in either a liquid or gel-like state results in a self-perpetuating reaction zone that provides fully cured thermosets and thermoplastics. Propagation of this polymerization front continues through the unreacted monomer media until either all reactants are consumed or sufficient heat loss stalls further reaction. Several different polymerization mechanisms support frontal processes, including free-radical, cat-or anionic, amine-cure epoxides, and ring-opening metathesis polymerization. The choice of monomer, initiator/catalyst, and additives dictates how fast the polymer front traverses the reactant medium, as well as the maximum temperature achievable. Numerous applications of frontally generated materials exist, ranging from porous substrate reinforcement to fabrication of patterned composites. In this review, we examine in detail the physical and chemical phenomena that govern frontal polymerization, as well as outline the existing applications.

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Section: Chemistries Of Existing Frontal Polymerization Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontal Polymerizations: From Chemical Perspectives to Macroscopic Properties and Applications

et al. 2023

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“…There exist numerous potential applications for FP as a result of the rapid rate of polymerization. Swellable hydrogels with well-defined pore sizes are easily obtained with frontal free-radical polymerization techniques, 58,[81][82][83][84][85][86][87][201][202][203][204]207,208,215,223,224,227,228,231,232,234,247,249,251,254,[258][259][260][261][262]265,266,295,303 which is in stark contrast to batch-scale methods. These frontally derived hydrogels exhibit stimuli responsive behavior, wherein the swelling properties vary with nature of the surroundings (e.g., temperature, pH).…”

Section: Large-scale Fabrication and 3d-printingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The vast majority of solvent assisted FP reactions occur in the synthesis of hydrogel materials. 47,58,[81][82][83][84][85][86][87]203,204,207,208,215,224,225,227,228,231,232,234,[258][259][260][261][262]265,266 Frontally derived hydrogels are typically generated from formulations diluted with DMSO, glycerol, or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), though several aqueous examples exist. 55,58,203,204,223 Bubble-free aqueous mixtures require Tmax values below 100 °C, which decreases the initiator's upper concentration limit.…”

Section: Solvent Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…47,58,[81][82][83][84][85][86][87]203,204,207,208,215,224,225,227,228,231,232,234,[258][259][260][261][262]265,266 Frontally derived hydrogels are typically generated from formulations diluted with DMSO, glycerol, or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), though several aqueous examples exist. 55,58,203,204,223 Bubble-free aqueous mixtures require Tmax values below 100 °C, which decreases the initiator's upper concentration limit. For example, the FP of AA under aqueous conditions only provided stable fronts with KPS loadings in the narrow range of 0.2 -0.7 wt%.…”

Section: Solvent Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, more than 30 reports detailing the synthesis and properties of frontally prepared hydrogels exist. 58,[81][82][83][84][85][86][87][201][202][203][204]207,208,215,223,224,227,228,231,232,234,238,239,244,247,249,251,253,[258][259][260][261][262]265,266,295,303…”

Section: Hydrogelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Frontal Polymerizations: From Chemical Perspectives to Macroscopic Properties and Applications

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The synthesis and processing of thermoplastics and thermoset polymeric materials rely on energy-inefficient and environmentally burdensome manufacturing methods. Frontal polymerization has emerged as an attractive, scalable alternative due to its exploitation of the heat of polymerization, which generally is wasted as unutilized heat-loss. The only external energy needed for frontal polymerization is an initial thermal (or photo) stimulus that locally ignites the reaction. The subsequent reaction exothermicity provides local heating; the transport of this thermal energy to neighboring monomers in either a liquid or gel-like state results in a self-perpetuating reaction zone that provides fully-cured polymeric thermosets and thermoplastics. Propagation of this polymerization front continues through the unreacted monomer media until either all reactants are consumed or sufficient heat-loss stalls further reaction. Several different polymerization mechanisms support frontal processes, including free-radical, cat- or anionic, amine-cure epoxides, and ring-opening metathesis polymerization. The choice of monomer, initiator/catalyst, and additives dictates how fast the polymer front traverses the reactant medium, as well as the maximum temperature achievable. Frontal polymerization enables the preparation of moldable thermoplastics derived from linear polymers. When crosslinking is involved, polymeric networks (e.g., rigid thermosets) are obtainable through a related process best described as a frontal curing reaction. Numerous applications of frontally-generated polymers and thermosets exist, ranging from the reinforcement of porous substrates to the design of patterned composite materials. In this review, we examine in detail the physical and chemical phenomena that govern frontal polymerization, as well as outline the existing applications.

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Chromium(III) cross-linked poly(acylamide co-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) hydrogels, prepared by frontal polymerization in aqueous solutions

Cited by 2 publications

References 26 publications

Frontal Polymerizations: From Chemical Perspectives to Macroscopic Properties and Applications

Frontal Polymerizations: From Chemical Perspectives to Macroscopic Properties and Applications

Frontal Polymerizations: From Chemical Perspectives to Macroscopic Properties and Applications

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