Chromium and its speciation in water samples by HPLC/ICP-MS – technique establishing metrological traceability: A review since 2000

Development of the application of speciation in chemistry

“…Table 5 Application areas for speciation trace analysis [74] Element Application area for speciation analysis Aluminum Al Aggregates [75] Antimony Sb Redox forms and organoantimony compounds in the environment [76,77] Arsenic As Redox forms and organoarsenic compounds in the environment [77] Arsenic in food products [78] Forms of arsine in air [79] Cadmium Cd Cadmium in food products [80] Chromium Cr Redox forms of chromium, Cr(VI) in the environment [81,82] Lead Pb Forms of lead compounds in the environment [83] Mercury Hg Forms of mercury compounds in the environment [84][85][86] Selenium Se Inorganic and organometallic selenium compounds in the environment [87] Thallium Tl Thallium compounds in river water [88] Tellurium Te Tellurium compounds in the environment [89] Uranium U Forms of uranium compounds in seawater [90] Zinc Zn Forms of zinc compounds in the environment and food [91] The usual analytical procedure comprises filtration (to obtain the soluble and insoluble fractions), separation from the matrix and fractionation (e.g., by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), gel permeation chromatography, anion/cation exchange chromatography, CZE, ultrafiltration, dialysis or gas chromatography in the case of volatile species). The isolated species are then determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, ICP-optical emission spectrometry, ICP-MS, MS, fluorimetry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, UV-Vis, or electrochemical methods depending on the type of analyte [74].…”

Application of multi-factorial experimental design to successfully model and optimize inorganic chromium speciation by square wave voltammetry

“…Many analytical procedures using different techniques have been reported in the literature to quantify chromium species, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) being the most frequently employed [13]. In general, previous treatment of samples involving preconcentration and separation schemes is required, such as chromatography [14], coprecipitation [15], extraction [16], X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy [17] or ion-exchange resins [18].…”

Speciation of Chromium in Water Samples after Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction, and Detection by Means of High-Resolution Continuum Source Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

“…1 Chromium in the environment can be of natural origins, such as rock and soil erosion, volcanic eruptions, or of anthropogenic origins, through the use of this chemical element in a range of industrial activities such as metallurgy (steel, aluminum and alloys), refractories (cement, glass and clay) and chemical industries (leather tanning, wood preservation and pigments). 2 The second source is significantly responsible for Cr III and Cr VI in the environment. Trivalent chromium, Cr III , is essentially found in the mechanisms for metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, with a lower level of toxicity and less mobility than hexavalent chromium in the environment, due to the fact that the element is present in mineral structures, in the form of precipitates with some elements as iron, aluminum and/or manganese, and complexed with organic matter.…”