Chrome ore beneficiation challenges &amp; opportunities – A review

Murthy, Y. Rama; Tripathy, Sunil Kumar; Kumar, C. Raghu

doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2010.12.001

Cited by 110 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…South Africa is one of the leading ferrochrome (FeCr) producing countries (ICDA, 2013;Beukes et al, 2012), since the country possesses approximately three quarters of the world's viable chromium ore (chromite) deposits (Murthy et al, 2011;Cramer et al, 2004). FeCr is mainly produced during pyrometallurgical carbo-thermic reduction of chromite in submerged arc furnaces (SAFs) and direct current arc furnaces (DCFs) (Beukes et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short Communication: Conductivity as an indicator of surface water quality in the proximity of ferrochrome smelters in South Africa

Loock¹,

Beukes²,

Zyl³

2015

WSA

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South Africa is one of the leading ferrochrome (FeCr) producing countries. One of the main environmental and healthrelated issues associated with FeCr production is the possible generation of Cr(VI). However, Cr(VI) is not the only potential pollutant that has to be considered during FeCr production. Various water-soluble species are present in FeCr waste materials and in process water. Considering the size of the South African FeCr industry and its global importance, it is essential to assess the extent of potential surface water pollution in the proximity of FeCr smelters by such watersoluble species. In this study water conductivity was measured as a proxy of general water quality. Although deposition was not measured, comparison of surface water results indicated that atmospheric deposition of pollutants originating from FeCr smelting did not significantly impact surface water quality, but that surface run-off and/or groundwater leaching were the main contributors. At two FeCr smelters it was observed that these smelters did not impact surface water quality negatively. In contrast, surface water pollution originating from at least four FeCr smelters was apparent. However, only at one smelter did pollution result in surface water conductivity that indicated a water quality not fit for human consumption. No correlations could be made between potable water quality and possible pollution from FeCr smelters. Notwithstanding this limitation, it was found that potable water sampled at all sites complied with the conductivity criteria for human consumption.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short Communication: Conductivity as an indicator of surface water quality in the proximity of ferrochrome smelters in South Africa

Loock¹,

Beukes²,

Zyl³

2015

WSA

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“…The mass of Ca(OH) 2 or NaOH is calculated on the basis of the Eqs. (7,(9)(10)(11) with an increase of 1.1 of the theoretical mass calculated. Finally, the solution is filtered through a filter press to remove the precipitate formed and, in the resulting solution, the chromate content was determined that had not been removed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…In the 1970s to 1990s in Brazil, most of the chromite ore was intended for the production of chromate [11]. Currently, chromate is imported from South Africa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromate and the Environment: Removal and Utilization of Industrial Waste

Mainier¹,

Leite²,

Reis³

et al. 2016

JCCE

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Chromate and dichromate sodium as a function of oxidizer characteristics are used in several industrial areas; for example, in surface protection of coated parts of cadmium, zinc and aluminum (chromate coated treated), corrosion inhibitors, the treatment of leather, the manufacture of pigments, etc. However, the use of such products has been questioned due to the problems of toxicity and pollution that can be caused in the environmental. The Brazilian environmental agency has established that the concentrations of chromate in water courses are less than 0.5 ppm. In order to reuse chromate (CrO 4 2-) from industrial effluent, laboratory experiments have been proposed based on chemical reduction or electrolytic processes, in order to transform these chromate ions in a final mix of oxides (in solid form), which can then be packed and sent to the production process of sodium chromate. The results of these experiments have become useful industrially (without regard to costs) considering the environmental reuse and the life cycle of the chemical compound.

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“…Since its discovery in 1798, chromite has remained the only commercially viable source of new chromium (Cr) units (Murthy et al 2011;Riekkola-Vanhanen, 1999). Approximately 90% to 95% of mined chromite is used in the metallurgical industry for the production of various grades of FeCr, which is produced through the carbo-thermic reduction of chromite ore (Riekkola-Vanhanen, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Approximately 90% to 95% of mined chromite is used in the metallurgical industry for the production of various grades of FeCr, which is produced through the carbo-thermic reduction of chromite ore (Riekkola-Vanhanen, 1999). About 80% to 90% of ferrochrome (FeCr) is consumed by the stainless-steel industry, primarily as high-carbon or charge-grade FeCr (Murthy et al 2011). Stainless steel is a vital alloy in various applications (Gasik, 2013), with the Cr content of stainless steel increasing its corrosion resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%