Chromatographic pattern in recycled high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) – Occurrence of low molecular weight compounds during the life cycle

Vilaplana, Francisco; Ribes‐Greus, A.; Karlsson, Sigbritt

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.11.033

Cited by 25 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…Some of the studies referred to in this review involved quantitative analysis, using calibration standards to calculate the amount of a particular VOC emitted from a known mass of plastic sample (e.g. Hall & Patel, 2006;Vilaplana et al, 2010). In most cases however, qualitative analysis was performed and relative amounts or relative increases or decreases in VOC emissions were reported.…”

Section: Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study of the thermally degraded polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) rubber samples using SPME-GC-MS found a significant buildup of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (known as D 4, , where D refers to the dimethylsiloxane unit and 4 refers to the number of Si-O bonds in the molecule) with increased degradation and the authors suggest that the sensitive measurement of D 4 can be used to assess thermal degradation (Hall & Patel, 2006). Work by Vilaplana et al (2010) studied the evolution of different VOC emissions from commercial samples of high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) during thermal degradation. The relative abundance of compounds such as benzaldehyde and phenol increased over time with other compounds such as benzoic acid not appearing until later in the degradation phase (Fig.…”

Section: Using Voc Analysis To Understand Polymer Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polymers and volatiles: Using VOC analysis for the conservation of plastic and rubber objects

Curran

Strlič

2014

Studies in Conservation

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There is an acknowledged need for improved conservation of plastic and rubber objects within collections, including improved methods of condition assessment, material identification, and better understanding of material degradation. This reflects the inherent instability and wide-ranging formulations of many such objects and also the relative lack of knowledge in this field. Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a useful method for understanding the chemical processes involved in polymer degradation and for the identification of materials. Conservators and curators have used odor analysis to identify historical plastics for many years, and techniques ranging from acid detection strips to laboratory-based techniques such as solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry have been used to characterize plastic and rubber materials and to understand their degradation. VOC analysis also has potential as a technique for bulk material identification, as a complementary tool to spectroscopic analysis of the surface. A significant advantage of VOC analysis is its potential to be non-invasive, avoiding destructive sampling or even contact with an object. However, there is a greater potential for VOC analysis to be of benefit within conservation than is currently being exploited and significant scope for future research. In fields such as construction or waste management, there is also significant research into analysis of VOC emissions from plastic and rubber materials. The goal of this paper is to systematically review research from a range of fields including conservation, polymer degradation, and plastics recycling and it includes the use of VOC analysis to understand the causes of damage to plastic and rubber objects, to provide evidence of degradation and to monitor degradation progress, and to identify materials and distinguish between different formulations. Summaries of relevant studies are given, and volatile markers of object damage and polymer degradation and key volatile identifiers of a particular material are highlighted.

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Section: Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Using Voc Analysis To Understand Polymer Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymers and volatiles: Using VOC analysis for the conservation of plastic and rubber objects

Curran

Strlič

2014

Studies in Conservation

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“…The European Union (Regulation No 10/2011) has imposed several restrictions and even banned some substances in certain articles intended for contact with food; however, permissible levels of VOCs released, and possible migration into food, are not included in this regulation (EU, 2014). This problem is not unique to EPS products; several plastic types used as containers release monomers as well as impurities and oxidation products (Camacho and Karlsson, 2000;Kusch and Knupp, 2002;Skjevrak et al, 2003;Kusch and Knupp, 2004;Vilaplana et al, 2010a;Vilaplana et al, 2010b;Lattuati-Derieux et al, 2013) (Figure 3). In fact, some of the identified VOCs may also be formed by thermo-oxidative degradation of EPS when exposed to high temperatures and solar irradiation (Kusch and Knupp, 2004).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in plastic products using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS)

Pájaro-Castro¹,

Caballero-Gallardo²,

Olívero-Verbel³

2014

Rev. ambiente água

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Plastic materials are widely used in daily life. They contain a wide range of compounds with low molecular mass, including monomeric and oligomeric residues of polymerization, solvent-related chemicals residues, and various additives. Plastic products made of expanded polystyrene (EPS) are currently employed as food containers. This study therefore sought to identify volatile organic compounds released by EPS from food packages and utensils used in Cartagena, Colombia. EPS-based plates, food and soup containers were subjected to various temperatures and released chemicals captured by solid phase microextraction, followed by on-column thermal desorption and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. The results revealed the presence of at least 30 different compounds in the EPS-based products examined; the most frequently found were benzaldehyde, styrene, ethylbenzene and tetradecane. The release of these molecules was temperature-dependent. It is therefore advisable to regulate the use of EPS products which may be subjected to heating in order to protect human health by decreasing the exposure to these chemicals.Keywords: additives, expanded polystyrene (EPS), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), styrene. Identificação de compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs) em produtos plásticos por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa (CG/MS) RESUMOOs materiais plásticos são amplamente usados na vida quotidiana. Eles contêm uma grande variedade de compostos de baixa massa molecular, incluindo os resíduos monoméricos e oligoméricos de polimerização, relacionados com resíduos de solventes químicos, e diferentes aditivos. Atualmente, os produtos de poliestireno expandido (EPS) são empregados como recipientes para alimentos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os compostos orgânicos voláteis liberados por objetos utilizados diretamente em contato com alimentos disponíveis em Cartagena, Colômbia. Produtos baseados em EPS tais como pratos, recipientes para alimentos e sopa foram submetidos a diferentes temperaturas de aquecimento e as substâncias químicas liberadas foram capturadas empregando-se a técnica de 611 Identification of volatile organic compounds … Rev. Ambient. Água vol. 9 n. 4 Taubaté -Oct. / Dec. 2014 microextração em fase sólida, seguida de dessorção térmica e análise por cromatografia a gás/espectrometria de massa. Os resultados revelaram a presença de pelo menos 30 compostos diferentes relacionados aos produtos de EPS examinados, sendo o benzaldeído, estireno, etilbenzeno e tetradecano os mais frequentemente encontrados. A liberação dessas moléculas é dependente da temperatura a que o material é submetido. Portanto, para proteger a saúde humana, diminuindo a exposição a estes agentes químicos, é aconselhável regular o uso de produtos a base de EPS que poderão ser submetidos a aquecimento.Palavras-chave: aditivos, estireno, micro extração em fase sólida (SPME), poliestireno expandido (EPS).

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“…A baixa resistência ao impacto é um indicativo de acentuada degradação do material e/ou existência de mistura de outros tipos de poliestireno [19] . A presença de frações de outros polímeros como contaminantes em poliestireno de alto impacto reciclado e a presença de produtos de degradação, podem afetar significativamente o desempenho do material [20] . Ensaios de calorimetria exploratória diferencial em mostras de HIPS reciclado reportam que, além do sinal característico da transição vítrea do poliestireno, em torno de 90 °C, pequenos picos de fusão em torno de 120 °C e/ou 160 °C podem ser encontrados, indicando a presença da contaminação com polietileno e/ou polipropileno, respectivamente [11,19] .…”

Section: Propriedades Do Hips Reciclado Sem Adição De Sbsunclassified

Estudo da recuperação das propriedades de poliestireno de alto impacto (HIPS) através da incorporação de borracha termoplástica tipo estireno-butadieno-estireno (SBS)

2012

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Resumo: A tenacificação de termoplásticos vítreos através da adição de partículas de borracha na matriz polimérica é um processo amplamente estudado. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a recuperação das propriedades de poliestireno de alto impacto (HIPS) reciclado através da incorporação de copolímeros estireno-butadieno-estireno (SBS) de estrutura linear e radial. As blendas foram processadas em uma extrusora dupla rosca. Os copolímeros foram adicionados em teores de 5, 10 e 15% em massa. As propriedades avaliadas foram o índice de fluidez, a morfologia e o comportamento frente a ensaios de tração, flexão e resistência ao impacto das blendas formuladas. Em todos os casos, o SBS radial foi mais eficiente na recuperação das propriedades do poliestireno de alto impacto que o SBS linear quando comparadas às propriedades do HIPS reciclado. Palavras-chave: HIPS, reciclagem, tenacificação, copolímero SBS. Recovering Properties of Recycled HIPS Through Incorporation of SBS Triblock CopolymerAbstract: Toughening glassy thermoplastics by blending a rubbery material to the polymeric matrix has been extensively studied. In this work, we evaluated the resulting properties of recycled high impact polystyrene (HIPS), after the incorporation of either radial or linear SBS triblock copolymers. The blends were melt mixed using a twin-screw extruder. The copolymers were added at 5, 10 and 15% weight percent. The investigated properties included the determination of the melt flow index, the morphology and the mechanical behavior according to standard tension, flexion and impact methods of all formulated blends. In all cases, the radial SBS was more efficient in recovering the HIPS properties than the linear SBS, when comparing the properties of the blends with the properties of recycled HIPS. Keywords: HIPS, recycling, toughening, SBS copolymer. IntroduçãoO HIPS (poliestireno de alto impacto -do inglês high impact polystyrene) é uma blenda imiscível de poliestireno (PS), polibutadieno (PB) e uma determinada concentração por enxertia dos dois componentes [1] . O HIPS é obtido pela polimerização in situ do estireno na presença de polibutadieno formando domínios discretos da fase elastomérica dispersos em uma matriz contínua de PS [2] . A polimerização elastômero-estireno gera um produto com maior resistência ao impacto que o poliestireno homopolímero [3,4] e blendas pós-reator de PS e elastômero [3] . O HIPS é também mais resistente a líquidos orgânicos, óleos e graxas que o PS sem adição de PB [4] . Por sua maior tenacidade, o HIPS é amplamente utilizado em aplicações que necessitem maior resistência que o PS não-tenacificado, tais como gabinetes de refrigeradores, eletroeletrônicos, peças de máquinas e veículos, grades de ar-condicionado, saltos para calçados, brinquedos, acessórios para móveis, embalagens de proteção contra choques, utilidades domésticas, entre outros [2,3] . A reciclagem de plásticos é uma prática consolidada e constitui-se uma alternativa real para a redução da demanda por matérias-primas petroquímicas, contribuindo p...

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Chromatographic pattern in recycled high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) – Occurrence of low molecular weight compounds during the life cycle

Cited by 25 publications

References 38 publications

Polymers and volatiles: Using VOC analysis for the conservation of plastic and rubber objects

Polymers and volatiles: Using VOC analysis for the conservation of plastic and rubber objects

Identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in plastic products using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS)

Estudo da recuperação das propriedades de poliestireno de alto impacto (HIPS) através da incorporação de borracha termoplástica tipo estireno-butadieno-estireno (SBS)

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