Chromatin structure and plant gene expression

Kahl, G; Weising, Kurt; Görz, Andrea; Schäfer, Willi; Hirasawa, Eiji

doi:10.1002/dvg.1020080510

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 170 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…9). However, hypersensitive sites spanning T-DNA borders were observed neither in the case of 3850-T-DNA-transformed plants [this report] nor in the case of wild-type tobacco tumors [Kahl et al, 1987;Coates et al, 19871. It is also possible that this site is involved in transcriptional regulation of the nos gene.…”

Section: A Prominent Dnase I-hypersensitive Site Mapsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Although most of the chromatin work has been performed on animal and viral systems, some of the features listed above (such as the occurrence of HMG-like proteins, "blurred" nucleosomes, increased DNase Isensitivity and DNase I-hypersensitive sites) have also been attributed to active plant genes [e.g., Paul et al, 1987;Gorz et al, 1988; reviewed by Kahl et al, 1987;Spiker, 19881. To date, no major differences have been detected between plant and animal chromatin at the molecular level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Chromatin structure of transferred genes in transgenic plants

1990

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The chromatin structure of foreign genes in transgenic tobacco plants was investigated by digestion of nuclei with DNase I and micrococcal nuclease, respectively, followed by restriction and Southern analysis of the digestion products. The results were compared to the differential expression of the different transgenes. Two model systems were used: plants harbouring vector DNA derived from the disarmed vector pGV Digestion of chromatin harbouring 3850-T-DNA with micrococcal nucleose resulted in a blurred nucleosomal pattern as compared to nucleolar and bulk chromatin, the extent of blurring being independent of the expression of transferred genes.The present results favour the "permissive domain'' hypothesis which capitalizes on the chromatin surrounding the integration site as the determining factor for the chromatin structure of incoming alien genes. However, between-transformant variability of expression is not reflected by differential sensitivity to DNase I. Hence, other factors than chromatin structure must be involved in creating "position effects."

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Section: A Prominent Dnase I-hypersensitive Site Mapsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Chromatin structure of transferred genes in transgenic plants

1990

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“…Accessibility of specific regions of the chromatin to degradation by exogenous or endogenous nucleases has been widely used in animals and, to a lesser extent, in plants to study the structural organization of the promoters of a number of genes [2,11]. In many cases, increased DNase I sensitivity of genes and presence of hypersensitive sites in their surrounding regions could be related to transcriptional activity, although some of the hypersensitive sites were found to persist after genes had ceased any activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclease sensitivity and functional analysis of a maize histone H3 gene promoter

et al. 1993

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A 1 kb region of a maize H3 histone gene promoter has been analysed at a structural and functional level. Micrococcal nuclease digestion of isolated nuclei showed that the promoter region is organized into nucleosomes but a zone extending over approximately one nucleosome (20 to 230 bp upstream of the TATA box) displays remarkable accessibility to digestion. Three DNase I-hypersensitive sites were found within this zone at the vicinity of consensus sequences, some of which are already known to act as cis elements. This promoter region is able to direct faithful expression of the GUS reporter gene in meristematic tissues of transgenic tobacco plants.

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“…Recently, the presence of a hypomethylated fraction of plant DNA was also detected by other methods (3). In previous studies of animal and plant chromatin, increased nuclease sensitivity has been associated with expressed genes as well as with genes poised for expression (17,26,30).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…DNAs (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) ,ug) were suspended in 400 ,uL 88% of formic acid, then hydrolyzed to individual bases by incubation at 120°C for 90 min. The bases were separated on a BeckmanUltrasphere IP C18 column (4.6 x 150 mm) in 10 mm potassium phosphate (pH 5.6), 5 mM hexanesulfonic acid, 0.7% methanol at a flow rate of 1 mL/min.…”

Section: Determination Of the M5c Levels By Hplc Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA Methylation is Reduced in DNasel-Sensitive Regions of Plant Chromatin

Klaas¹,

Amasino²

1989

Plant Physiol.

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Pea, barley, and com chromatin was isolated and subjected to limited digestion with DNasel. The preferentially degraded, small molecular weight fraction, presumably consisting of sequences in an active state of expression, was isolated and its 5-methylcytosine content determined. The DNasel-sensitive chromatin fraction from all three plant species investigated contained a markedly reduced level of DNA methylation compared to total DNA.The DNA of higher animals and plants contains the modified base m5C4 in the sequence CG and, in plants, CNG (N = any base). Only a fraction of the cytosines occurring in these sequences are methylated (13), and the distribution of cytosine methylation is not random. High levels of m5C are found in unexpressed regions ofgenomes, such as centromeric and heterochromatic areas of animal chromosomes (20), several types of satellite DNA (6), and inactive mammalian Xchromosomes (14). A number of studies have demonstrated that certain genes are undermethylated in tissues where they are actively expressed, but highly methylated in tissues (or different developmental stages of the same tissue) where the genes are silent (8). Thus, DNA methylation is postulated to be a determinant of gene expression.Chromatin containing actively expressed genes (or genes that are poised for expression) is maintained in a structure that renders it more susceptible to nuclease attack, and presumably more accessible to transcription factors, than chromatin containing inactive genes (30). This nuclease-sensitive fraction of animal chromatin has been shown to have a reduced level of methylation (I1, 21). In addition, the nuclease-sensitive fraction of animal chromatin is enriched in HMG-proteins and depleted in histone HI (4,31 'Abbreviation: m5C, 5-methylcytosine. 451Plant genomes are methylated to a far greater extent than animal genomes. Up to 40% of the cytosine residues are modified in certain plant species, compared to 4 to 6% in mammals (1). The role, however, of DNA methylation in the plant genome is not well understood. The relationship between plant DNA methylation and gene expression has been primarily examined for specific T-DNA (2, 12, 15, 23) and transposon insertions (9,25). In all of these cases, expression has been found to correlate with reduced methylation. In addition, the methylation state ofa maize seed storage protein gene was recently found to correlate with its expression at different developmental stages (7). Although a relationship between chromatin structure and gene activity has been found for a number of plant genes (17 and references therein), and HMG-like proteins have been implicated in the determination of plant chromatin structure (26), little is known about the relationship between DNA methylation and plant chromatin structure. In a study of T-DNA expression in tobacco cells, Reid et al. (24) found a correlation between nuclease-sensitive chromatin, gene expression, and reduced methylation of the T-DNA insertion. A similar correlation was found for pea rRNA genes (29). H...

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Chromatin structure and plant gene expression

Cited by 14 publications

References 170 publications

Chromatin structure of transferred genes in transgenic plants

Chromatin structure of transferred genes in transgenic plants

Nuclease sensitivity and functional analysis of a maize histone H3 gene promoter

DNA Methylation is Reduced in DNasel-Sensitive Regions of Plant Chromatin

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