Chromatin

Igo‐Kemenes, Tibor; Hörz, Wolfram; Zachau, Hans G.

doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.51.070182.000513

Cited by 446 publications

(206 citation statements)

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“…The data presented above do not contradict the vast amount of experimental evidence which indicates that the structure of the nucleoprotein fiber in the transcribed regions is different from that of inactive chromatin (18,261. The presence of histones in the transcribing regions of the genome does not imply that the nucleoprotein fiber has the same conformation as that of the nontranscribed regions.…”

Section: Transcriptionally Active Chromatinsupporting

confidence: 47%

Immunochemical analysis of the structure and function of chromosomal proteins

Bustin

1987

Cytometry

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Immunochemical approaches are useful in studying the nuclear organization and cellular function of chromosomal components. Antibodies specific to histones and to defined nonhistone proteins have been used to study nucleosome heterogeneity, to visualize the The structure of chromatin and chromosomes and the regulation of the genetic information encoded in DNA is largely dependent on a variety of interactions between the nucleic acid and protein components of the genome. In both interphase chromatin and metaphase chromosomes, the nucleoprotein fiber is built from a n array of repeating subunits, known as core particles, which contain about 146 base pairs of DNA complexed with two molecules of each histone H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Adjacent core particles are covalently linked through a DNA segment, resulting in a fiberlike structure resembling a beaded string. The beaded chromatin fiber is further packed to yield the observed structure of chromatin and chromosomes (for reviews on chromatin structure see 15,18,26).Histones are the predominant class of nuclear proteins. Another class of nuclear proteins, collectively known as the nonhistone chromosomal proteins, is composed of a great number of molecular species. Members of this class of proteins are involved in various regulatory and structural aspects of the chromatin fiber. The chromatin fiber is a dynamic structure: gross morphological changes in the superstructure of the fiber, which occur during the cell cycle, are easily observable by light microscopy. The chromatin fiber is the substrate for the complex processes of transcription, replication, and repair. These metabolic processes often are accompanied by changes in the nonhistone protein constituents of the fiber and involve structural reorganization within the nucleosome. Furthermore, both the protein and the nucleic acid components of the chromatin fiber are subject to degradation, modification, and repair-processes which may alter the manner in which they interact with each other. Obviously, structural studies of the chromatin fiber have to take into account the dynamic properties of the complex and require techniques which can presence of histone in transcriptionally active chromatin, and to isolate DNA sequences associated with specific chromosomal proteins.Key terms: Histone, nonhistone, chromatin, an tibodies provide information on the native, in situ, organization of defined chromosomal components at various stages of chromatin organization.Because serological reactions occur under conditions which do not alter markedly the structure of chromatin and chromosomes, and since antibodies can react specifically with a n antigen under a variety of conditions, immunochemical approaches are uniquely suited for a variety of studies on the organization of nuclear proteins in the nucleoprotein fiber. Quantitative immunocytological techniques can be used to obtain information on local variations in antigen concentrations in metaphase and polytene chromsomes and in individual cell nuclei (1). Research involving immu...

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Section: Transcriptionally Active Chromatinsupporting

confidence: 47%

Immunochemical analysis of the structure and function of chromosomal proteins

Bustin

1987

Cytometry

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“…Since nuclear DNA is tightly packaged with the Genofield apparatus (Atto Co. Ltd., Japan). To examine DNA histones into chromatin [9], relaxation of the chromatin strucladdering, fragmented DNA was analyzed by 1.8% agarose gel electure is supposed to be necessary for endonucleases to catalyze trophoresis as described previously [12]. equipped with a UV argon laser and a 40x water-immersion objec-(pH 7.6) containing 150 mM NaCI, 1.5 mM MgC12, 3% glycerol and tive was used to visualize individual nuclei as described elsewhere [14].…”

Section: Dna Fragmentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of histone hyperacetylation in triggering DNA fragmentation of rat thymocytes undergoing apoptosis

et al. 1996

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“…1B and 2B), a finding differing from that obtained with the eucaryotic chromosomes (9). Furthermore, a considerable amount of particle-free DNA was always detected (Fig.…”

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confidence: 55%

“…These results demonstrate that the particle is composed of protein and DNA and that the association of the particles is relatively stable. Thus, the particle differs from an unstable E. coli chromatinlike fiber (8), a beaded structure generated by ethanol dehydration (12), or the in vitro nucleoprotein complex of E. coli histonelike protein HU (2) but resembles the eucaryotic nucleosome (9). In preliminary experiments, we observed similar particles on the chromosomal DNA from other genera of archaebacteria including methanogens, 0 0 z I LM_% 12 14 Diameter of Particles (nm) FIG. 3.…”

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confidence: 77%