Choroidal Thickness in Young Adults and its Association with Visual Acuity

Lee, Samantha Sze‐Yee; Lingham, Gareth; Alonso‐Caneiro, David; Chen, Fred K.; Yazar, Seyhan; Hewitt, Alex W.; Mackey, David A.

doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2020.02.012

Cited by 26 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…*Statistically different from the "Low" group at p < 0.001; †group difference analysed using one-way analysis of variance; ‡analysed using Chi-squared test; §analysed using Fisher exact test; ||range additionally shown as median and IQR values are all 0, analysed using the using the Kruskal-Wallis test; #analysed using generalised estimating equations. 39 and between obstructive sleep apnoea and thinner retinal nerve fibre layers in young adult 40 , in addition to several other findings on the link between environmental or early-life factors and ocular parameters during young adulthood [41][42][43][44][45] . www.nature.com/scientificreports/ at the Gen2 13-, 16-, and 20-year follow-ups, from which high-sensitivity CRP levels were obtained.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Our observation suggests that chronic inflammation, as measured using CRP levels, may be linked with thinner choroidal thicknesses since young adulthood, even if the inflammation is subclinical. Although the estimated thinning is small, about 19 to 23 µm or roughly 5 to 6% of the normal subfoveal choroidal thickness in healthy young adults 33 , as the choroid continues to thin with consistently high or increasing CRP levels, its ability to supply the outer retina may be reduced over time, possibly increasing the risk of future AMD from a young age. On the other hand, we failed to find a significant difference in retinal thickness between trajectory groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To measure choroidal thickness, additional scans were taken using the enhanced depth imaging mode on the SD-OCT, which allowed us to obtain high-resolution cross-sectional images of the choroid. The detailed methodology of choroidal imaging and thickness measurement in this group of participants has been described previously 39 . In brief, 2 horizontal and 2 vertical B-scans centred on the fovea were taken.…”

Section: Eye Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Choroidal thickness obtained from this automated segmentation have been shown to high agreement with manual measurements 55 . Moreover, an experienced observer, blind to the CRP trajectory and smoking status of participants, manually checked and corrected the segmentation if necessary 39 . The choroidal thickness was determined at the central, inner ring, and outer ring of the macula, as per the ETDRS grid (Fig.…”

Section: Eye Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unadjusted models and adjusted models were generated for each analysis, with the latter accounting for known confounding variables of choroidal or retinal thickness. These include sex, ethnicity, and body-mass index (BMI) 33,58 . For the main aim to explore associations between CRP trajectory and retinal or choroidal thickness, pack-years smoked and childhood exposure to secondhand smoke were additionally included in the adjusted models.…”

Section: Eye Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associations between seven-year C-reactive protein trajectory or pack-years smoked with choroidal or retinal thicknesses in young adults

Lee

Beales

Chen

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Inflammation and cigarette smoking predispose to macular diseases, and choroidal and retinal thinning. We explored the choroidal and retinal thicknesses in young adults against their 7-year C-reactive protein (CRP) level trajectory and pack-years smoked. Participants from the Raine study, a longitudinal cohort study, had serum CRP levels analysed at the 14-, 17-, and 20-year follow-ups. Group-based trajectory modelling was used to classify participants according to their 7-year CRP levels. At the 20-year follow-up (at 18–22 years old), participants completed questionnaires on their smoking history, and underwent optical coherence tomography imaging to obtain their choroidal and retinal thicknesses at the macula. Three CRP trajectories were identified: consistently low CRP levels (78% of sample), increasing (11%), or consistently high (11%). 340 and 1035 participants were included in the choroidal and retinal thickness analyses, respectively. Compared to those in the “Low” trajectory group, participants in the “Increasing” and “High” groups had 14–21 μm thinner choroids at most macular regions. Every additional pack-year smoked was linked with a 0.06–0.10 μm thinner retina at the inner and outer macular rings, suggesting a dose-dependent relationship between smoking and thinner retinas. These associations may suggest that an increased risk of future visual impairment or eye disease associated with these risk factors may be present since young adulthood.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Eye Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Eye Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Eye Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associations between seven-year C-reactive protein trajectory or pack-years smoked with choroidal or retinal thicknesses in young adults

Lee

Beales

Chen

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Daily Low-Level Red Light for Spherical Equivalent Error and Axial Length in Children With Myopia

Cao,

Tian,

et al. 2024

JAMA Ophthalmol

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ImportanceTreatments are needed to slow progression of or reduce incidence of myopia.ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of daily 650-nm low-level red light (LLRL) for myopia treatment.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsSingle-masked, randomized clinical trial at 1 site in China. Baseline measurements were completed from August to September 2021. Participants were children aged 6 to 12 years with spherical equivalent error (SER) of −6 diopters (D) to 3 D. Data were analyzed from March to July 2023.InterventionsIrradiation daily with 650-nm LLRL for 3 minutes twice daily 4 or more hours apart or no intervention.Main Outcomes and MeasuresPrimary outcomes were changes in cycloplegia SER and axial length (AL) at 6- and 12-month follow-up visits. Safety was assessed on masked fundus photograph evaluations.ResultsA total of 336 children were randomly allocated into the LLRL group or control group in a 1:1 ratio. The control group contained 86 female patients (51.2%), and the treatment group contained 90 female patients (53.6%). The mean (SD) age, SER, and AL were 9.0 (1.9) years, −1.3 (1.5) D, and 23.8 (1.0) mm for all patients. A total of 161 (95.8%) in the LLRL group and 159 (94.6%) in the control group returned for the 6-month follow-up. A total of 157 (93.5%) in the LLRL group and 152 (90.5%) in the control group returned for the 12-month follow-up. Mean (SD) changes in SER were 0.15 (0.16) D and −0.26 (0.21) D for the LLRL group and the control group, respectively (difference, −0.41 D; 95% CI, −0.48 to −0.34 D; P &lt; .001), at 6 months and 0.24 (0.27) D and −0.65 (0.33) D for the LLRL group and the control group, respectively (difference, −0.89 D; 95% CI, −0.95 to −0.83 D; P &lt; .001), at 12 months. Mean (SD) changes in AL were −0.06 (0.08) mm and 0.13 (0.12) mm for the LLRL group and control group, respectively (difference, 0.19 mm; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.22 mm; P &lt; .001), at 6 months and −0.11 (0.10) mm and 0.26 (0.16) mm for the LLRL group and control group, respectively (difference, 0.37 mm; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.40 mm; P &lt; .001). Masked fundus photograph review did not identify retinal changes in either group.Conclusions and relevanceThese findings suggest daily use of 650-nm LLRL for 1 year can slow progression of SER and AL without safety concerns identified. Confirmation of these findings at independent sites seems warranted, as well as determining whether these effects can be sustained with or without continued treatment and whether LLRL has any effect on pathological myopia.Trial RegistrationChiCTR2200058963

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Choroidal blood perfusion could predict the sensitivity of myopia formation in Guinea pigs

Yang

Chen

Yao

et al. 2023

Experimental Eye Research

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Choroidal Thickness in Young Adults and its Association with Visual Acuity

Cited by 26 publications

References 46 publications

Associations between seven-year C-reactive protein trajectory or pack-years smoked with choroidal or retinal thicknesses in young adults

Associations between seven-year C-reactive protein trajectory or pack-years smoked with choroidal or retinal thicknesses in young adults

Daily Low-Level Red Light for Spherical Equivalent Error and Axial Length in Children With Myopia

Choroidal blood perfusion could predict the sensitivity of myopia formation in Guinea pigs

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