Chorioretinal Folds

Immunoglobulin G4-related dacyroadenitis presenting as bilateral chorioretinal folds from severely enlarged lacrimal glands

“…One is a result of such ocular disorders as age-related macular degeneration, 19 , 21 , 22 scleritis, 19 , 21 , 22 uveitis, 19 , 21 , 22 hypotony, 19 , 21 , 22 and uveal effusion. 19 , 21 The other is caused by compression of the globes by thyroid ophthalmopathy 19 , 21 , 22 or by orbital tumors such as fibrous dysplasia, 16 osteosarcoma, 17 maxillary sinus sarcoma, 17 cavernous hemangioma, 17 and metastatic cancer. 16 Lacrimal benign mixed tumors were also reported to produce chorioretinal folds by globe compression.…”

“…Orbital tumors and other diseases are known to compress the sclera of the globe, resulting in the formation of chorioretinal folds. 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 To our knowledge, severe compression of the globes in IgG4-related dacryoadenitis has not been reported. We herein describe a case of IgG4-related dacryoadenitis causing bilateral chorioretinal folds via globe compression by severely enlarged lacrimal glands that behaved more like an orbital malignancy to result in irreversible changes of the choroid and retina.…”

<p>Recognition, Diagnosis and Treatment of Chorioretinal Folds: Current Perspectives</p>

“…Hyperopia has been identified as one of the main causes of CRFs' formation, as suggested by three important studies with large cohorts. 7,15,16 In details, hyperopia was identified as the cause of CRFs in 13% to 26% of the total cases, this percentage ranging on the basis of the study cohort. 7,15,16 Of note, while CRFs may be secondary to primary hyperopia, CRFs may also occur in cases of acquired hyperopia (see below for details).…”

“…7,15,16 In details, hyperopia was identified as the cause of CRFs in 13% to 26% of the total cases, this percentage ranging on the basis of the study cohort. 7,15,16 Of note, while CRFs may be secondary to primary hyperopia, CRFs may also occur in cases of acquired hyperopia (see below for details). 17 Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) has been recently described as an additional cause of CRFs.…”

“…Based on their arrangement, CRF may be classified in horizontal, oblique, vertical, radiating, and concentric. 7 Fundus fluorescein angiography (FA) has been historically considered as one of the most sensitive imaging tools for the diagnosis of CRFs. The CRFs' characteristics on FA imaging were first described by Norton 2 as alternating hypofluorescent and hyperfluorescent bands.…”