Chondroprotective effects of a new glucosamine combination in rats: Gene expression, biochemical and histopathological evaluation

Devil's claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) and chronic inflammatory diseases: A concise overview on preclinical and clinical data

“…Consistently, it has been recently observed that harpagoside could inhibit interleukin (IL)‐6 production from primary human osteoarthritis chondrocytes challenged with IL‐1β (Haseeb, Ansari, & Haqqi, ). Furthermore, there is evidence that the association of devil's claw extract (3% harpagoside) to other agents, such as bromelain extract, glucosamine hydrochloride, chondroitin sulfate, and methylsulfonylmethane is able to prevent cartilage destruction, in rat knee joint challenged with formalin (Ucuncu et al, ). Additionally, the pharmacological association of these agents blunted the burden of oxidative stress and inflammation, as revealed by reduced malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and 8‐hydroxyguanine (8‐OH/Gua) level and pro‐inflammatory cytokine gene expression in knee joint tissue.…”

Multifaceted Protective Role of Glucosamine against Osteoarthritis: Review of Its Molecular Mechanisms

“…Currently available in vivo studies were mainly conducted on the rheumatoid arthritis model [75] or in combination with chondroitin sulphate and plant extracts [41]. A combination of glucosamine hydrochloride (175 mg/kg/day), chondroitin sulphate, methylsulfonylmethane, Harpagophytum procumbens root extract, and bromelain administered orally for 30 days remarkably reduced MDA, NO, and 8-hydroxyguanine levels and increased total glutathione (GSH) level in formalin-induced osteoarthritic rat knee joint [41]. This combination is more effective than the regimen without plant extracts [41] probably due to the additional analgesic effects [77,78].…”

“…A combination of glucosamine hydrochloride (175 mg/kg/day), chondroitin sulphate, methylsulfonylmethane, Harpagophytum procumbens root extract, and bromelain administered orally for 30 days remarkably reduced MDA, NO, and 8-hydroxyguanine levels and increased total glutathione (GSH) level in formalin-induced osteoarthritic rat knee joint [41]. This combination is more effective than the regimen without plant extracts [41] probably due to the additional analgesic effects [77,78]. Oral intake of glucosamine hydrochloride (300 mg/kg/day for 60 days) has reduced plasma MDA and NO levels in chemical-induced rheumatoid arthritis in albino rats [75].…”

“…Glucosamine (175 mg/kg) in combination with chondroitin sulphate (140 mg/kg) reduces joint degeneration in rats with knee OA induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection after 3 months [36]. The positive effects of glucosamine on patients with OA have been established in numerous clinical trials [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. Glucosamine decreases pain, enhances joint function and mobility, and reduces cartilage deterioration in patients with OA [38].…”

“…This glucosamine mixture significantly reduced joint pain scores, serum cartilage type II collagen degradation and synovitis hyaluronan levels [46]. To date, no adverse effects have been detected in animals and humans treated with glucosamine [39][40][41][42][43][44].…”