Chondroitin sulphate (WF6 epitope) levels in peri-miniscrew implant crevicular fluid during orthodontic loading

Abstract

The aim of this study was to monitor changes in chondroitin sulphate (CS; WF6 epitope) levels in peri-miniscrew implant crevicular fluid (PMICF) during orthodontic loading. Ten patients (seven males and three females; aged 22.0 +/- 3.4 years), who required orthodontic treatment with extraction of all four premolar teeth, participated in the study. Twenty miniscrew implants (used as orthodontic anchorage) were placed, two in each patient, buccally and bilaterally in the alveolar bone between the roots of the maxillary posterior teeth. Sentalloy closed-coil springs (50 g) were used to load the miniscrew implants and to move the maxillary canines distally. During the unloaded period, PMICF samples were collected on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after miniscrew implant placement and on days 14, 21, 28, and 35 during the loaded period. Clinical mobility assessments of the miniscrew implants were recorded at each visit. The competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with monoclonal antibody WF6 was used to detect CS (WF6 epitope) levels in the PMICF samples. The differences between the CS (WF6 epitope) levels during the unloaded and loaded periods were determined by a Mann-Whitney U-test. During the loaded period, two miniscrew implants were considered to have failed. The CS (WF6 epitope) levels during the unloaded period ranged from 0.00 to 758.03 ng/ml and those during the loaded period from 0.00 to 1025.11 ng/ml. Medians of CS (WF6 epitope) levels, around 'immobile' miniscrew implants, between the unloaded and loaded periods were not significantly different (P = 0.07). CS (WF6 epitope) levels in PMICF can be detected and may be used as biomarkers for assessing alveolar bone remodelling around miniscrew implants during orthodontic loading.

A study of interleukin 1β levels in peri-miniscrew crevicular fluid (PMCF)

“…Various studies present in the literature attempt to assess the stability of miniscrews from different perspectives such as clinical [3,14,15], biomechanical [16-18], histological [15],[19-21], or biochemical. Several biochemical markers have been associated with inflammation and remodelling of peri-implant tissue around osseo-integrated dental implants [20-23], but only few studies were found in the literature in which biochemical assessments were used to investigate the stability of miniscrews [7],[24-26]. In the study by Sari and Ucar [7], IL-1β levels in PMCF were collected only after loading to determine the effects of mechanical stress on the miniscrews.…”

“…The mean IL-1β level in PMCF of healthy miniscrews did not increase significantly during orthodontic loading. Intachai et al [24] assessed medians of chondroitin sulphate levels in PMCF around ‘immobile’ miniscrews, between the unloaded and loaded periods, which were not significantly different.…”

Biochemical and Clinical Assessments of Segmental Maxillary Posterior Tooth Intrusion

“…Bilateral maxillary posterior teeth were used for the measurement CS levels. The volume of GCF collected from the last 2.0 mm of each paper strip was 0.1  μ L [7]. Competitive ELISA with WF6 monoclonal antibody was used to detect CS levels in the collected GCF.…”

“…Orthodontic force causes considerable localized remodeling of the alveolar bone and brings about changes in the CS levels in GCF. Intachai et al [7] monitored changes in CS around immobile miniscrew implants, during the unloaded and loaded periods, and concluded that CS could be detected and might be used as biomarkers for assessing alveolar bone remodeling around miniscrew implants during orthodontic loading. Furthermore, our previous study [8, 9] reported increases in CS levels in GCF around orthodontically moved canines.…”

Comparisons between two biochemical markers in evaluating periodontal disease severity: a cross-sectional study

“…Furthermore, elevated levels of CS in GCF are apparently associated with four clinical parameters of periodontal status, which serve as gold standards for periodontal inflammation and destruction [ 14 ]. In addition to periodontal disease, CS levels can be precisely detected in physiologic tooth movement [ 26 , 27 ] and in patients with pathologic inflammatory disorders, such as degenerative joint diseases [ 28 , 29 ].…”