“…Reactive glial cells, in particular astrocytes and microglia,
contribute to formation of the so-called ‘glial scar’, by depositing
extracellular matrix proteins and upregulating molecules that are often inhibitory
to regeneration (Fitch and Silver, 2008;
Galtrey et al, 2008; Morgenstern et al, 2002; Rhodes and Fawcett, 2004; Sherman and Back, 2008). High levels of chondroitin sulfate
proteoglycans (CSPGs) are present in the scar after many types of CNS insults
including spinal cord injury (SCI; Jones et al,
2003; Lemons et al, 1999; McTigue et al, 2001; Tang et al, 2003), epilepsy (Kurazono et al, 2001; Okamoto et al,
2003), Alzheimer's disease (DeWitt et
al., 1993; Snow et al, 1988;
1990), Parkinson's disease (DeWitt et al, 1994), stroke (Carmichael et al, 2005; Deguchi et al, 2005) and multiple sclerosis (MS; Mohan et al, 2010; Sobel, 2001; Sobel and Ahmed,
2001). Deposition of CSPGs post-injury may be a protective CNS response
that contains the damage and spares intact tissue from further injury (Galtrey and Fawcett, 2007; Silver and Miller, 2004; Yiu and He, 2006).…”