Chondroitin sulfate: extraction, purification, microbial and chemical synthesis

Abstract

Chondroitin sulfate, a type of acid mucopolysaccharide possessing a variety of bioactivities, has attracted tremendous interest due to its use in the relief of joint diseases. It has been widely applied in different fields, such as medicine, biotechnology, pharmacy, textiles, food and cosmetics. This mini‐review focuses on the main methods of its extraction and purification, and recent advances in bio‐syntheses and chemical synthesis of such molecules. In addition, further studies in these aspects are proposed based on current research. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry

A microbial–enzymatic strategy for producing chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans

“…In contrast, further co-overexpression of glmM achieved an obvious increased chondroitin production of 2.20 ± 0.10 g/L, suggesting the conversion of glucosamine-6-P to glucosamine-1-P is a rate-limiting step for chondroitin biosynthesis (Figure 1). On the contrary, upon additional co-overexpression of glmS, the chondroitin production reduced to 1.88 ± 0.05 g/L (Figure 2b, Supplementary Figure S1b), which might be due to the competing flux towards to N-acetylglucosamine biosynthesis (Liu et al, 2014) (Figure 1). To simultaneously provide more UDP-GluUA and UDP-GlcNAc for chondroitin biosynthesis, the identified committed genes tuaD and glmM were cooverexpressed and a higher titer of chondroitin was achieved (2.48 ± 0.10 g/L).…”

Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013–2014

“…Work in this area has been reviewed: “Chondroitin sulfate: extraction, purification, microbial and chemical synthesis” (Shi et al, ) (115 cited references) and “Glycosaminoglycan glycomics using mass spectrometry” (Zaia, ) (65 cited references).…”

Optimisation of the extraction and purification of chondroitin sulphate from head by-products of Prionace glauca by environmental friendly processes

“…proteins from a digested cartilage (Gargiulo, Lanzetta, Parrilli, & De Castro, 2009;Shi, Meng, Li, Chen, Liu, & Bai, 2014). Cetylpyridinium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, guanidine HCl and alcoholic solutions are the most employed (Takai & Kono, 2003;Souza, Kozlowski, Cerqueira, Castelo-Branco, Costa, & Pavão, 2007;Vázquez, Rodríguez-Amado, Montemayor, Fraguas, González, & Murado, 2013).…”

“…The fundamentals of many of the isolation procedures developed for mammalian and marine sources (bovine and porcine trachea, shark fins, etc.) are based on (Vázquez, Rodríguez-Amado, Montemayor, Fraguas, González, & Murado, 2013;Shi, Meng, Li, Chen, Liu, & Bai, 2014): 1) chemical hydrolysis of cartilage; 2) breakdown of proteoglycan core; 3) selective elimination of proteins and CS isolation; 4) final purification of CS. Commonly, the steps of digestion, hydrolysis, differential recovery of GAG and purification, are performed using alkalis, cysteine or guanidine HCl and chemical precipitation by cetylpyridinium chloride, trichloroacetic acid or detergents combined with chromatography of gel filtration for purification (Michelacci, & Horton, 1989;Souza, Kozlowski, Cerqueira, Castelo-Branco, Costa, & Pavão, 2007).…”