Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) can modulate many cellular mechanisms, such as cell survival and memory processing, which are also in¯uenced by the serine/ threonine protein kinases ERK1/2. In SH-SY5Y cells and hippocampal neurones, nicotine (100 lM) increased the activity of ERK1/2. This effect was Ca 2+ dependent, and prevented by the a7 nAChR antagonist a-bungarotoxin (a-Bgt) and an inhibitor (PD98059) of the upstream kinase MEK. To determine the intervening steps linking Ca 2+ entry to MEK-ERK1/2 activation, inhibitors of Ca 2+ -dependent kinases were deployed. In SH-SY5Y cells, selective blockers for PKC (Ro 31±8220), CaM kinase II (KN-62) or PI3 kinase (LY 294002) failed to inhibit the nicotine-evoked increase in ERK1/2 activity. In contrast, two structurally different inhibitors of PKA (KT 5720 and H-89) completely prevented the nicotinedependent increase in ERK1/2 activity. Inhibition of the nicotine-evoked increase in ERK1/2 activity by H-89 was also observed in hippocampal cultures. Down stream of PKA, the activity of B-Raf was signi®cantly decreased by nicotine in SH-SY5Y cells, as determined by direct measurement of MEK1 phosphorylation or in vitro kinase assays, whereas the modulation of MEK1 phosphorylation by Raf-1 tended to increase. Thus, this study provides evidence for a novel signalling route coupling the stimulation of a7 nAChR to the activation of ERK1/2, in a Ca 2+ and PKA dependent manner. Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) are ligand gated cation channels permeable to Na + and Ca 2+ and therefore capable of increasing intracellular Ca 2+ concentrations per se and by activation of voltage-operated Ca 2+ channels (VOCC). As a result, they have the capacity to in¯uence a variety of neuronal activities, such as neurotransmitter release (Wonnacott 1997), cell survival (Donnelly Roberts and Brioni 1999), synaptic plasticity (Ji et al. 2001) and memory processing (Levin and Simon 1998). Numerous subtypes of nAChR occur in the brain, including the two major subtypes comprised of a7 and a4b2 subunits, respectively. The a7 nAChR, in particular, has been implicated in several cellular processes, including long-term potentiation (Mansvelder and McGehee 2000;Matsuyama et al. 2000), neuroprotection (Donnelly Roberts et al. 1996;Dajas-Bailador et al. 2000;Kihara et al. 2001) and learning and memory (Levin et al. 1999). Although the Ca 2+ dependence of some of these a7 nAChR-mediated actions has been demonstrated, the downstream mechanisms that follow nAChR activation, and those attributed to a7 in particular, have not been fully elucidated.One candidate implicated in many of the cellular processes also modulated by nAChR stimulation is the mitogen activated/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase Abbreviations used: a-Bgt, a-bungarotoxin; CaM, kinase II, Ca 2+ calmodulin dependent kinase II; CREB, cyclic AMP response element binding protein; DMEM, Dulbecco's modi®ed Eagle's medium; ECL, electrochemiluminescence; ERK1/2, extracellular-signal regulated pro...