Cholinergic Receptor‐Mediated Phosphorylation and Activation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase in Cultured Bovine Adrenal Chromaffin Cells

Pocotte, Susan L.; Holz, Ronald W.; Ueda, Tetsufumi

doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb13011.x

Cited by 48 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…We have no way to know whether the antibodies we used detected one conformation ofTyrOHase. In particular, the immunoreactive band on the immunoblot detected with the Eugene Tech antibodies was too wide to let us discriminate among the isoelectric point values attributed to the catalytically active and inactive forms of TyrOHase (31). What is clearly needed are antibodies directed, respectively, against these different molecular forms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity characterize the mesostriatal innervation of striosomes and extrastriosomal matrix at maturity.

Graybiel¹,

Hirsch²,

Agid³

1987

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

100

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Tyrosine hydroxylase [TyrOHase, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, L-tyrosine, tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.16.2] is the ratelimiting enzyme in the synthetic pathway of catecholamines and is expressed by neurons containing dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. TyrOHase is present in high concentrations in the caudate nucleus and putamen, where nearly all of it is contained in axons of the dopaminergic mesostriatal pathways. We have employed three different polyclonal antibodies directed against TyrOHase, one tested here for specificity by twodimensional gel electrophoresis, to reexamine the anatomic distribution of fibers expressing TyrOHase-like immunoreactivity in the striatum of mature human, monkey, and cat brains. The findings suggest that this distribution is distinctly inhomogeneous. The macroscopic compartments known as striosomes have low TyrOHase-like immunoreactivity relative to the surrounding extrastriosomal matrix. These observations add to evidence that dopaminergic modulation of neural processing in the mature striatum is organized in accordance with striosomal architecture and suggest that part of the mechanism for such differentiation may involve presynaptic differences in enzymatic regulation of dopamine content in and out of striosomes.An apparently universal characteristic of the nigrostriatal system in mammals is that it undergoes a modular course of development. Soon after dopamine-containing fibers can be detected within the striatum, they cluster together in macroscopically visible groupings called "dopamine islands" (1-5). The predominant islandic organization of the nigrostriatal innervation continues into the early postnatal period. Gradually, however, there is an increase in the nonislandic dopamine-containing innervation until finally the early formed dopamine islands are no longer readily detectable (1, 6, 7).On the basis ofthese observations, Fuxe and his colleagues (1, 8) divided the nigrostriatal system into "diffuse" and "islandic" components. They further suggested that the islandic innervation persists into adulthood but is masked by the diffuse system, because when they treated adult rats with inhibitors of tyrosine hydroxylase [TyrOHase, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, L-tyrosine, tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.16.2] they could elicit reappearance of intensely fluorescent dopamine islands. They hypothesized that the islandic and diffuse systems have different rates of dopamine turnover, with that of the islandic system being lower.There is now direct experimental evidence that the islandic fiber system selectively innervates the striatal compartments known as striosomes (6, 9-11) and that the neurons giving rise to the islandic and the nonislandic innervations lie in different parts of the A8-A9-A10 cell complex of the midbrain (refs. 9-11; J. Jimenez-Castellanos and A.M.G., unpublished results). Further observations suggest that D1 dopamine receptor subtypes may be preferentially related to the isl...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity characterize the mesostriatal innervation of striosomes and extrastriosomal matrix at maturity.

Graybiel¹,

Hirsch²,

Agid³

1987

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

100

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“…There exist reports showing that smoking leads to lowered DOPA dosages in PD patients. Furthermore, stimulation with a nicotinic agonist have resulted in increased amounts of TH protein [226-228]. …”

Section: From the Lab To Clinical Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexity of dopamine metabolism

2013

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) coincides with a dramatic loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra. A key player in the loss of dopaminergic neurons is oxidative stress. Dopamine (DA) metabolism itself is strongly linked to oxidative stress as its degradation generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DA oxidation can lead to endogenous neurotoxins whereas some DA derivatives show antioxidative effects. Therefore, DA metabolism is of special importance for neuronal redox-homeostasis and viability.In this review we highlight different aspects of dopamine metabolism in the context of PD and neurodegeneration. Since most reviews focus only on single aspects of the DA system, we will give a broader overview by looking at DA biosynthesis, sequestration, degradation and oxidation chemistry at the metabolic level, as well as at the transcriptional, translational and posttranslational regulation of all enzymes involved. This is followed by a short overview of cellular models currently used in PD research. Finally, we will address the topic from a medical point of view which directly aims to encounter PD.

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“…Treatment of brain slices [81], PC12 cells [82] or adrenal chromaffin cells [83] with depolarizing agents results in a calcium-dependent increase in tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation with a 2-3-fold increase in the Vmax. of tyrosine hydroxylase.…”

Section: Species Tissue and Subcellular Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%