Cholinergic markers in the cortex and hippocampus of some animal species and their correlation to Alzheimer's disease

Orta‐Salazar, Erika; Cuellar-Lemus, C.A.; Dı́az-Cintra, Sofı́a; Feria‐Velasco, Alfredo

doi:10.1016/j.nrleng.2012.10.010

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Herein, the effects of GPE on membrane and cellular well-being were verified in adult human hippocampal cells. These cells have been widely demonstrated to present functional cholinergic transmission [18] and play a pivotal role in cognition, learning and memory [19], and thus representing a valuable cellular model to explore nootropic properties of drugs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nootropic Drug Α-Glyceryl-Phosphoryl-Ethanolamine Exerts Neuroprotective Effects in Human Hippocampal Cells

Daniele

Mangano

Durando

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Brain aging involves changes in the lipid membrane composition that lead to a decrease in membrane excitability and neurotransmitter release. These membrane modifications have been identified as contributing factors in age-related memory decline. In this sense, precursors of phospholipids (PLs) can restore the physiological composition of cellular membranes and produce valuable therapeutic effects in brain aging. Among promising drugs, alpha-glycerylphosphorylethanolamine (GPE) has demonstrated protective effects in amyloid-injured astrocytes and in an aging model of human neural stem cells. However, the compound properties on mature neuronal cells remain unexplored. Herein, GPE was tested in human hippocampal neurons, which are involved in learning and memory, and characterized by a functional cholinergic transmission, thus representing a valuable cellular model to explore the beneficial properties of GPE. GPE induced the release of the main membrane phospholipids and of the acetylcholine neurotransmitter. Moreover, the compound reduced lipid peroxidation and enhanced membrane fluidity of human brain cells. GPE counteracted the DNA damage and viability decrease observed in in vitro aged neurons. Among GPE treatment effects, the autophagy was found positively upregulated. Overall, these results confirm the beneficial effects of GPE treatment and suggest the compound as a promising drug to preserve hippocampal neurons and virtually memory performances.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Nootropic Drug Α-Glyceryl-Phosphoryl-Ethanolamine Exerts Neuroprotective Effects in Human Hippocampal Cells

Daniele

Mangano

Durando

et al. 2020

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Histochemical techniques show ChAT-immunoreactive fibers in layers III and IV of the cerebral cortex, with faint labeling in layer II. Many neurons positive to ChAT shown a bipolar dendritic pattern [ 28 , 29 ]. The hippocampus presents a finely granular distribution of neurons positive to ChAT in the pyramidal layer, with an intense immunoreactivity, especially, in the CA2 and CA3 subfields [ 29 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity-Related Brain Cholinergic System Impairment in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Rats

et al. 2022

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A link between obesity and cerebral health is receiving growing recognition. Here, we investigate in the frontal cortex and hippocampus the potential involvement of cholinergic markers in brain alterations previously reported in rats with obesity induced by diet (DIO) after long-term exposure (17 weeks) to a high-fat diet (HFD) in comparison with animals fed with a standard diet (CHOW). The obesity developed after 5 weeks of HFD. Bodyweight, systolic blood pressure, glycemia, and insulin levels were increased in DIO rats compared to the CHOW group. Measurements of malondialdehyde (MDA) provided lipid peroxidation in HFD-fed rats. Western blot and immunohistochemical techniques were performed. Our results showed a higher expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) in obese rats but not the VAChT expression in the frontal cortex after 17 weeks of HFD. Furthermore, the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme was downregulated in HFD both in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. In the brain regions analyzed, it was reported a modulation of certain cholinergic receptors expressed pre- and post-synaptically (alpha7 nicotinic receptor and muscarinic receptor subtype 1). Collectively, these findings point out precise changes of cholinergic markers that can be targeted to prevent cerebral injuries related to obesity.

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“…Acetylcholine (ACh) and cholinergic nerves existing in the hippocampus and cortex are essential for regulation of learning and memory processes (Orta‐Salazar, Cuellar‐Lemus, Díaz‐Cintra, & Feria‐Velasco, 2014). The neurotransmitter ACh is employed by all cholinergic neurons, and its normal physiological function guarantees the storage and elicitation of memories (Papandreou et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GAPT regulates cholinergic dysfunction and oxidative stress in the brains of learning and memory impairment mice induced by scopolamine

et al. 2020

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Background Cholinergic dysfunction and oxidative stress are the crucial mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). GAPT, also called GEPT (a combination of several active components extracted from the Chinese herbs ginseng, epimedium, polygala and tuber curcumae) or Jinsiwei, is a patented Chinese herbal compound, has been clinically widely used to improve learning and memory impairment, but whether it can play a neuroprotective role by protecting cholinergic neurons and reducing oxidative stress injury remains unclear. Methods Male ICR mice were intraperitoneally injected with scopolamine (3 mg/kg) to establish a learning and memory disordered model. An LC‐MS method was established to study the chemical compounds and in vivo metabolites of GAPT. After scopolamine injection, a step‐down passive‐avoidance test (SDPA) and a Y maze test were used to estimate learning ability and cognitive function. In addition, ELISA detected the enzymatic activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acetylcholine (ACh), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD). The protein expressions of AChE, ChAT, SOD1, and GPX1 were observed by western blot, and the distribution of ChAT, SOD1, and GPX1 was observed by immunohistochemical staining. Results After one‐half or 1 month of intragastric administration, GAPT can ameliorate scopolamine‐induced behavioral changes in learning and memory impaired mice. It can also decrease the activity of MDA and protein expression level of AChE, increase the activity of Ach, and increase activity and protein expression level of ChAT, SOD, and GPX in scopolamine‐treated mice. After one and a half month of intragastric administration of GAPT, echinacoside, salvianolic acid A, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg2, pachymic acid, and beta asarone could be absorbed into mice blood and pass through BBB. Conclusions GAPT can improve the learning and memory ability of scopolamine‐induced mice, and its mechanism may be related to protecting cholinergic neurons and reducing oxidative stress injury.

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Cholinergic markers in the cortex and hippocampus of some animal species and their correlation to Alzheimer's disease

Cited by 19 publications

References 35 publications

The Nootropic Drug Α-Glyceryl-Phosphoryl-Ethanolamine Exerts Neuroprotective Effects in Human Hippocampal Cells

The Nootropic Drug Α-Glyceryl-Phosphoryl-Ethanolamine Exerts Neuroprotective Effects in Human Hippocampal Cells

Obesity-Related Brain Cholinergic System Impairment in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Rats

GAPT regulates cholinergic dysfunction and oxidative stress in the brains of learning and memory impairment mice induced by scopolamine

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