Cholinergic and Purinergic Regulation of Blood Vessels

Burnstock, Geoffrey

doi:10.1002/cphy.cp020219

Cited by 41 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 496 publications

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“…The existence of active sympathetic vasodilation has also been postulated. Active cholinergic sympathetic vasodilator nerves have been shown in several mammalian species (39)(40)(41)(42), and evidence for active cholinergic sympathetic vasodilation in man exists (41 45). This pathway originates in the cerebral cortex and anterior hypothalamus and descends in the ventrolateral brainstem to the lateral horns of the spinal cord, from which fibers are distributed to the vasculature with the sympathetic nerves.…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Syncope from head and neck cancer

et al. 1983

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We have examined 17 patients suffering from recurrent syncope caused by carcinoma of the head and neck. The tumor originated in the mouth in seven, larynx in six, nasopharynx in three and parotid gland in one, and involved cervical lymph nodes at diagnosis in 12. Sixteen patients had previously had radical neck dissections and 12 had had radiation therapy. Recurrent carcinoma was present in 16. Spells resolved spontaneously in four, improved with treatment in 11 and continued in two. The syncope was spontaneous in 15 and induced only by suctioning or carotid sinus massage in two. Suctioning also produced attacks in four others, as did carotid sinus massage in five of ten tested. Acute severe unilateral head or neck pain preceded spontaneous syncope in 11. Sixteen patients had both profound bradycardia and hypotension during most spells, but ten had syncope with hypotension only, either spontaneously or following cardiac pacing or atropine to prevent bradycardia. Seizure activity accompanied syncope in eight. Anticholinergics improved 7/12, carbamazepine 2/5, carotid ligation 1/1 and intracranial sectioning of the glossopharyngeal nerve 1/1. Local radiation may have helped 4/10. Cardiac pacing was ineffective in 3/3 due to the development of pure vasodepressive syncope. Autopsy in 2/2 showed tumor involving the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Syncope in these patients is under-recognized, frequently is due to vasodepression, and suggests recurrent carcinoma.

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Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Syncope from head and neck cancer

et al. 1983

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Forelimb Vasodilatation Induced by Hypothalamic Stimulation Is Greatly Mediated with Nitric Oxide in Anesthetized Cats

Komine

Matsukawa²,

Murata³

et al. 2003

JJP

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Sympathetic cholinergic nerve fibers innervate blood vessels of skeletal muscle in several species such as cat, dog, sheep, fox, mongoose, and jackal [1,2]. Stimulation of the nerve fibers evokes a marked increase in muscle blood flow that is prevented by atropine [3], suggesting that muscle vasodilatation is induced by acetylcholine released from the sympathetic cholinergic nerve terminals. Using X-ray angiography, we recently identified that the internal diameter of small arteries (resting internal diameter, 100-500 m) in the cat hindlimb triceps surae muscle is increased by 48% during stimulation of the hypothalamic defense area and the cross-sectional area is increased by 118% [4,5]. Thus, the sympathetic cholinergic mechanism causes profound vasodilatation of small arteries in skeletal muscle, which is followed by an increase in volume flow of upstream feeding arteries. If vascular endothelial cells are affected by acetylcholine released from the sympathetic cholinergic nerve terminals, they may secrete nitric oxide. Such an endotheliummediated vasodilator mechanism may be involved in the sympathetic cholinergic vasodilatation of blood vessels in skeletal muscle. To examine this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis on the increase in femoral blood flow induced by stimulation of the hypothalamic defense area [6]. The increase in femoral blood flow by hypothalamic stimulation was blunted but not eliminated Key words: stimulation of the hypothalamic defense area, sympathetic cholinergic nerve, brachial artery, blood flow velocity, vascular conductance. Abstract:The aim of this study was to examine whether or not stimulation of the hypothalamic defense area is capable of inducing sympathetic vasodilatation of the forelimb vascular bed in anesthetized cats. When the hypothalamic defense area was electrically stimulated, brachial blood flow velocity (brachial BFV) and vascular conductance were increased as well as femoral BFV and vascular conductance. Brachial BFV and vascular conductance increased by 110-139% during hypothalamic stimulation. These increases were blunted to approximately one-fifth of the control responses following I.V. injection of a synthesis inhibitor of nitric oxide, N -nitro-Larginine methyl ester (L-NAME). The attenuating effect of L-NAME on forelimb vasodilatation evoked by hypothalamic stimulation was greater than that on hindlimb vasodilatation. The combined administration of L-NAME and atropine sulfate eliminated nearly all of the increases in brachial BFV and vascular conductance during hypothalamic stimulation. From the present results, we conclude that stimulation of the hypothalamic defense area is able to induce neurogenic vasodilatation of the cat forelimb vascular bed, which is greatly mediated with a nitric oxide mechanism. The contribution of nitric oxide to neurogenic vasodilatation seems to be greater in the forelimbs than hindlimbs.

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“…Sympathetic cholinergic nerve fibres innervate blood vessels of skeletal muscle in the cat, dog, sheep, fox, mongoose and jackal (Bolme & Fuxe, 1970;Burnstock, 1980). They can be activated when a localized area in the hypothalamus and the midbrain periaqueductal grey matter, referred to as the defence area, is stimulated.…”

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Direct observations of sympathetic cholinergic vasodilatation of skeletal muscle small arteries in the cat.

Matsukawa

Shindo

Shirai

et al. 1997

The Journal of Physiology

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1. The aim of this study was to examine the actual changes of the internal diameter (i.d.) of arterial vessels of skeletal muscle evoked by activation of sympathetic cholinergic nerve fibres during stimulation of the hypothalamic defence area in anaesthetized cats. 2. For this purpose, we have used our novel X-ray TV system for visualizing small arteries (100-500,m i.d.) of the triceps surae muscle and larger extramuscular arteries (500-1400 ,m i.d.) of the hindlimb (the femoral (FA), popliteal (PA) and distal caudal femoral (DCFA) arteries). The passage of a contrast medium from the large extramuscular arteries to the smaller intramuscular arteries was serially measured before and during hypothalamic stimulation. 3. Hypothalamic stimulation increased mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate and femoral vascular conductance. The i.d. of FA, PA, and DCFA did not change during the hypothalamic stimulation, whereas the i.d. of small arteries in the triceps surae muscle increased by 48 + 2% (mean + S.E.M.) and the cross-sectional area increased concomitantly by 118%.The maximum increase in i.d. of 78 + 6%, was observed in arteries of 100-200 ,m. These increases in diameter were markedly reduced by intra-arterial injection of atropine or by cutting the sciatic nerve, but not by phentolamine and propranolol given together. 4. The vasodilatation evoked by hypothalamic stimulation was seen in almost all the sections of the small arteries observed under control conditions and was distributed along the entire length of the vessel. In addition, the number of arterial vessels that could be detected increased by 42% during hypothalamic stimulation. The newly detected arterial branches, which ranged from 100 to 300 ,tm in diameter, mostly arose from the branching points. 5. It is concluded that stimulation of sympathetic cholinergic nerve fibres dilates the small arteries of skeletal muscle ranging from 100 to 500/,m, but not the larger extramuscular arteries.

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Cholinergic and Purinergic Regulation of Blood Vessels

Cited by 41 publications

References 496 publications

Syncope from head and neck cancer

Syncope from head and neck cancer

Forelimb Vasodilatation Induced by Hypothalamic Stimulation Is Greatly Mediated with Nitric Oxide in Anesthetized Cats

Direct observations of sympathetic cholinergic vasodilatation of skeletal muscle small arteries in the cat.

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