Choline availability alters embryonic development of the hippocampus and septum in the rat

Albright, Craig D.; Tsai, Amy Y.; Friedrich, Claudia B.; Mar, Mei Heng; Zeisel, Steven H.

doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(98)00183-7

Cited by 174 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Antioxidant (916,917) ; anti-carcinogenic, anti-microbial, antiparasitic and cytotoxic, structure and metabolism of nucleic acids, phospholipid bilayer properties (400) ; antimutagenic (918) ; 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (key enzyme of TAG synthesis in adipocytes) (398) ; liver cholesterol (399) Betaine: Fatty deposits in the liver and hyperhomocysteinaemia (919) ; osmoprotectant, performance (for example, athletic) (225) ; organic osmolyte (920) ; CVD (921) ; homocysteine and inflammatory markers related to atherosclerosis (C-reactive protein and TNF-a) (922,923) ; sulfur amino acid homeostasis (924) ; colorectal adenoma (121) ; antioxidant and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (925) Choline (226,796) : Brain development and normal memory function (926)(927)(928) ; plasma homocysteine level (929) ; antioxidant (930) ; carnitine conservation (931) ; body fat and fatty acid oxidation (932,933) ; precursor for the cell membrane phospholipids phosphatidylcholine (934) , sphingomyelin (226,935) , brain acetylcholine (936) and for platelet-activating-factor formation (937) ; synthesis and release of acetylcholine (936,938) ; lipid metabolism, hepatic secretion of VLDL, nerve function and integrity of cell membranes (226) ; neural tube development (939) ; lipotrope and methyl donor (240) ; DNA hypomethylation and tumour development in the liver (226,239,258,940) ; epigenetic regulator of gene expression (941) Phytosterols …”

Section: Appendixmentioning

confidence: 99%

New hypotheses for the health-protective mechanisms of whole-grain cereals: what is beyond fibre?

2010

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Epidemiological studies have clearly shown that whole-grain cereals can protect against obesity, diabetes, CVD and cancers. The specific effects of food structure (increased satiety, reduced transit time and glycaemic response), fibre (improved faecal bulking and satiety, viscosity and SCFA production, and/or reduced glycaemic response) and Mg (better glycaemic homeostasis through increased insulin secretion), together with the antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic properties of numerous bioactive compounds, especially those in the bran and germ (minerals, trace elements, vitamins, carotenoids, polyphenols and alkylresorcinols), are today well-recognised mechanisms in this protection. Recent findings, the exhaustive listing of bioactive compounds found in whole-grain wheat, their content in whole-grain, bran and germ fractions and their estimated bioavailability, have led to new hypotheses. The involvement of polyphenols in cell signalling and gene regulation, and of sulfur compounds, lignin and phytic acid should be considered in antioxidant protection. Whole-grain wheat is also a rich source of methyl donors and lipotropes (methionine, betaine, choline, inositol and folates) that may be involved in cardiovascular and/or hepatic protection, lipid metabolism and DNA methylation. Potential protective effects of bound phenolic acids within the colon, of the B-complex vitamins on the nervous system and mental health, of oligosaccharides as prebiotics, of compounds associated with skeleton health, and of other compounds such as a-linolenic acid, policosanol, melatonin, phytosterols and para-aminobenzoic acid also deserve to be studied in more depth. Finally, benefits of nutrigenomics to study complex physiological effects of the 'whole-grain package', and the most promising ways for improving the nutritional quality of cereal products are discussed. Whole-grain wheat: Bioactive compounds: Physiological mechanisms: Health IntroductionThere is growing evidence that whole-grain cereal products protect against the development of chronic diseases. The most important of these in terms of public health are obesity (1,2) , the metabolic syndrome (3,4) , type 2 diabetes (5,6) , CVD (7) and cancers (8 -12) . Whole-grain cereal consumption has also been shown to be protective against mortality, as was shown with inflammation-related death (i.e. noncardiovascular and non-cancer inflammatory diseases such as, for example, respiratory system diseases) (13) and with cancer and CVD (4,14,15) . These conclusions are supported by the effects of consuming refined cereal products (bread, pasta and rice), as these have been associated with an increased risk of digestive tract, pharynx, larynx and thyroid cancers in northern Italians (16) . However, an association between a lower risk of developing a chronic disease and a high whole-grain cereal consumption does not mean a direct causal relationship and provides no information about the physiological mechanisms involved.These metabolic diseases are related to our daily lifestyle, no...

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Section: Appendixmentioning

confidence: 99%

New hypotheses for the health-protective mechanisms of whole-grain cereals: what is beyond fibre?

2010

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“…Maternal dietary choline supplementation or choline deficiency during late pregnancy in rodents was associated with significant and irreversible changes in hippocampal function in the adult rodent, including altered long-term potentiation (LTP) (63,90,103) and altered memory (79)(80)(81)(82)(83)(84). More choline (about 4 times dietary levels) during days 11−17 of gestation in the rodent increased hippocampal progenitor cell proliferation (3,5), decreased apoptosis in these cells (3,5), enhanced LTP in the offspring when they were adult animals (63,90,103), and enhanced visuospatial and auditory memory by as much as 30% in the adult animals throughout their lifetimes (79)(80)(81)(82)84,85,152). Indeed, adult rodents decrement in memory as they age, and offspring exposed to extra choline in utero do not show this "senility" (81,85).…”

Section: Choline and Brain Development In Uteromentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, adult rodents decrement in memory as they age, and offspring exposed to extra choline in utero do not show this "senility" (81,85). Mothers fed choline-deficient diets during late pregnancy have offspring with diminished progenitor cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in fetal hippocampus (3,5), insensitivity to LTP when they were adult animals (63), and decremented visuospatial and auditory memory (84). The effects of perinatal choline supplementation on memory were initially found using radial-arm maze tasks and the Sprague-Dawley rat strain, but other laboratories have found similar results using other spatial memory tasks, such as the Morris water maze (14,109), using passive avoidance paradigms (104), using measures of attention (88), using other strains of rats such as Long-Evans (127-129), and using mice (104).…”

Section: Choline and Brain Development In Uteromentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, there is significant variation in the dietary requirement for choline that can be explained by common genetic polymorphisms. Choline is critical during fetal development, when it influences stem cell proliferation and apoptosis, thereby altering brain structure and function (5,31,75,85,86). Similarly it influences neural tube development (40,112).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Choline: Critical Role During Fetal Development and Dietary Requirements in Adults

2006

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Choline is an essential nutrient needed for the structural integrity and signaling functions of cell membranes; for normal cholinergic neurotransmission; for normal muscle function; for lipid transport from liver; and it is the major source of methyl groups in the diet. Choline is critical during fetal development, when it influences stem cell proliferation and apoptosis, thereby altering brain and spinal cord structure and function and influencing risk for neural tube defects and lifelong memory function. Choline is derived not only from the diet, but from de novo synthesis as well. Though many foods contain choline, there is at least a twofold variation in dietary intake in humans. When deprived of dietary choline, most men and postmenopausal women developed signs of organ dysfunction (fatty liver or muscle damage), while less than half of premenopausal women developed such signs. Aside from gender differences, there is significant variation in the dietary requirement for choline that can be explained by very common genetic polymorphisms.

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“…37 More choline (about 3 times the dietary levels) during days 11 to 18 of gestation results in increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis in rodent fetal hippocampal progenitor cells. 38,39 Morphological alterations occur in the brain after choline supplementation during fetal life, including larger soma and increased numbers of primary and secondary basal dendritic branches. 40,41 The brief exposure to extra choline in utero and subsequent changes in hippocampal structure result in enhanced long-term potentiation, (an electrophysiological property of the hippocampus), 42-44 and enhanced visuospatial and auditory memory (by as much as 30%) throughout the lifespan.…”

Section: Choline Availability Alters Brain Hippocampal Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The fetal origins of memory: The role of dietary choline in optimal brain development

Zeisel

2006

The Journal of Pediatrics

194

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Fetal nutrition sets the stage for organ function in later life. In this review we discuss the fetal and neonatal origins of brain function. Numerous research observations point to the importance of choline for the developing fetus and neonate. This essential nutrient is involved in 1-carbon metabolism and is the precursor for many important compounds, including phospholipids, acetylcholine, and the methyl donor betaine. Dietary intake of choline by the pregnant mother and later by the infant directly affects brain development and results in permanent changes in brain function. In rodents, perinatal supplementation of choline enhances memory and learning functions, changes that endure across the lifespan. Conversely, choline deficiency during these sensitive periods results in memory and cognitive deficits that also persist. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that perinatal choline supplementation can reduce the behavioral effects of prenatal stress and the cognitive effects of prenatal alcohol exposure in offspring. The likely mechanism for these effects of choline involves DNA methylation, altered gene expression, and associated changes in stem cell proliferation and differentiation. The currently available animal data on choline and hippocampal development are compelling, but studies are needed to detrermine whether the same is true in humans.There is a growing body of evidence indicating that fetal and perinatal nutrition and growth influence organ function in adult life (eg, blood pressure, 1 heart disease, 2 diabetes 3 ). Evidence also indicates that fetal and perinatal nutrition influence brain function in later life. Iron, 4 zinc, 5 and folate 6 nutriture in the fetus have been shown to alter brain development, and there is compelling data showing that another important nutrient, choline, is essential for brain formation. The human requirement for choline was officially recognized with the establishment of adequate intake recommendations by the Institute of Medicine in 1998 7 (adequate intake for infants age 0 to 6 months, 18 mg/kg/day). Choline is required for the structural integrity and signaling functions of cell membranes, methyl group metabolism, and neurotransmitter synthesis. 8 Some of the choline needed to sustain normal organ function is synthesized de novo, mainly in the liver, 9 when phosphatidylethanolamine is methylated by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) to form phosphatidylcholine. However, this mechanism does not always meet the demands for choline, and humans eating diets deficient in choline develop fatty liver, liver damage, and muscle damage. 10,11 In this review, the main focus is on choline's role in brain development and function during the perinatal period.

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Choline availability alters embryonic development of the hippocampus and septum in the rat

Cited by 174 publications

References 38 publications

New hypotheses for the health-protective mechanisms of whole-grain cereals: what is beyond fibre?

New hypotheses for the health-protective mechanisms of whole-grain cereals: what is beyond fibre?

Choline: Critical Role During Fetal Development and Dietary Requirements in Adults

The fetal origins of memory: The role of dietary choline in optimal brain development

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