Cholesterol homeostasis associated with probiotic supplementation in vivo

Abstract

Aims: To determine the mechanism underlying the serum cholesterol reduction effect by probiotics isolated from local fermented tapioca (Tapai). Methods and Results: Lactic acid bacteria strains were isolated and examined for acid tolerance, bile salt resistance and hypocholesterolemic properties. Among the isolates, Lactobacillus plantarum TAR4 showed the highest cholesterol reduction ability (48Á01%). The focus in the in vivo trial was to elucidate the cholesterol balance from findings pertaining to serum cholesterol reduction in rat model fed with high fat diet via oral administration. Rats fed with high-cholesterol diet supplemented with Lact. plantarum TAR4 showed significant reduction in serum total cholesterol (29Á55%), serum triglyceride (45Á31%) and liver triglyceride (23Á44%) as compared to high-cholesterol diet (HCD) group. There was a significant increment in faecal triglyceride (45Á83%) and faecal total bile acid (384Á95%) as compared to HCD group. Conclusions: The findings showed that probiotic Lact. plantarum TAR4 supplementation reduced the absorption of bile acids for enterohepatic recycling and increased the catabolism of cholesterol to bile acids and not by suppressing the rate of cholesterol synthesis. Significance and Impact of Study: Probiotic supplements could provide a new nonpharmacological alternative to reduce cardiovascular risk factors. Key Points • Lactobacillus plantarum TAR4 exhibited an excellent tolerance to acid and bile salts. • Lactobacillus plantarum TAR4 was able to assimilate cholesterol in vitro. • Lactobacillus plantarum TAR4 had the ability to regulate cholesterol metabolism levels in rats. • Hypocholesterolemic effect related to cholesterol binding and deconjugation of bile acid by Lactobacillus plantarum TAR4.

Levilactobacillus brevis from carnivores can ameliorate hypercholesterolemia: In vitro and in vivo mechanistic evidence

“…To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on in vivo hypocholesterolaemic effect of L. brevis in general and specifically from carnivores. Consistent with Lim et al (2020), body weight of treatment, positive and negative control groups remained indifferent ( p ≥ 0.05). Matos et al (2005) found a significant increase in body weights of animals kept on high cholesterol diet.…”

“…The cholesterol reduction in CFS in the absence of bile can occur due to cholesterol surface binding or cholesterol incorporation in the cell membrane, whereas the reduction in the presence of bile indicates co-precipitation with bile acids. The cholesterol binding with bacterial surface leads to surface topographical changes in the microbial cell that can be evidenced through SEM (Lim et al, 2020). The selected strains could reduce 12%-18% cholesterol from media in the absence of bile salts indicating their adsorption potential.…”

“…The researchers have reported inconsistent findings regarding the influence of LAB treatment on LDL. For instance, Lim et al (2020) reported the influence of L. rhamnosus and L. acidophilus on HDL and VLDA but not on LDL. Salaj et al (2013) reported that L. plantarum LS/07 and L. plantarum Biocenol LP96 isolated from human rectal swabs had no effect on the serum LDL levels in hypercholesterolaemic Sprague-Dawley rats.…”

“…To perform the bile tolerance test, the LAB strains were inoculated in MRS broth containing 0.3, 1 and 1.8 (w/v) of bile salts (Oxoid). The cultures were incubated anaerobically at 37°C for 24 h. The absorbance of the cultures was measured at 600 nm and compared with the control culture that was grown without bile salts (Lim et al, 2020).…”

Impact of Feeding Probiotics on Blood Parameters, Tail Fat Metabolites, and Volatile Flavor Components of Sunit Sheep

“…HDL can transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues or cells to the liver for catabolism via blood circulation [ 21 ]. The mechanism underlying this effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum may be reducing the absorption of bile acids in the enterohepatic circulation and increasing the catabolism of cholesterol into bile acids to reduce TC levels, rather than inhibiting the rate of cholesterol synthesis [ 22 ]. Meanwhile, a lower HDL-to-TC ratio indicates a reduced level of HDL available to transfer cholesterol from peripheral tissues, possibly allowing more cholesterol to be deposited in tail fat.…”