Cholesterol gallstones and cancer of gallbladder (CAGB): molecular links

Venniyoor, Ajit

doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.06.040

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…More than 200 years later, when it comes to GBC, the impression to us still is late clinical diagnosis, lack of effective treatment methods and an extremely poor prognosis. Gallstones, inflammation, gender, aging, and obesity considered as high risk factors for GBC have been consistent in most of relevant reports (Hsing et al, 2007;Venniyoor, 2008;Boutros et al, 2012;Srivastava et al, 2012;Stinton and Shaffer, 2012). At present, complete surgical resection is the most effectively curative measure for GBC (Aretxabala et al, 2006;Furuse, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Epidemical and correlative investigations considered gallstones as the high risk factors for GBC (Venniyoor, 2008;Stinton and Shaffer, 2012 Several studies demonstrated that estrogen can promote the formation of cholesterol gallstones (Petitti, 1988;Everson et al, 1991;Wang et al, 2004). The gonadectomized mice with subcutaneously implanted with pellets releasing E2 and fed a lithogenic diet for 12 weeks, had exhibited a E2 dose-dependent increase of gallstones, and ICI 182, 780 (estrogen receptor inhibitor) can blocked this effects (Wang et al, 2004).…”

Section: Estrogen and Formation Of Gallstonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential Therapeutic Targets for the Primary Gallbladder Carcinoma: Estrogen Receptors

Zhang

Zhang²,

Xu³

et al. 2013

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Gallbladder carcinoma, the most frequent malignant neoplasm of the biliary tract system, has always been considered to feature late clinical presentation and diagnosis, limited treatment options and an extremely poor prognosis. In recent years, while the incidence of gallbladder cancer has appeared to be on the increase, the available treatment methods have not greatly improved survival of the affected patients. Thus, exploring new therapeutic targets for this devastating disease is an urgent matter at present. Epidemical studies have demonstrated that the incidence of gallbladder carcinoma exhibits a distinct gender bias, affecting females two to three times more than males, pointing to crucial roles of estrogen. It is well known that estrogen acts on target tissues by binding to estrogen receptors (ERs), which are mainly divided into three subtypes, ERα, ERβ and ERγ. ERα and ERβ appear to have overlapping but also unique even opposite biological effects. As important pathogenic mediators, ERs have been considered to relate to several kinds of tumors. In gallbladder carcinoma tissue, ERs have been shown to be positively expressed, and ERs expression levels are associated with differentiation and prognosis of this cancer. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms of estrogen inducing growth of gallbladder carcinoma remain poorly understood. On the base of the current investigations, we deduce that estrogen participates in promotion of gallbladder carcinoma by influencing the formation of gallstones, stimulating angiogenesis, and promoting abnormal proliferation. Since ERs mediate the carcinogenic actions of estrogen in gallbladder, and therapy targeting ERs may provide new directions for gallbladder carcinoma. Therefore, it should be stressed that ERs are potential therapeutic targets for gallbladder carcinoma.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Estrogen and Formation Of Gallstonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Therapeutic Targets for the Primary Gallbladder Carcinoma: Estrogen Receptors

Zhang

Zhang²,

Xu³

et al. 2013

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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“…Patients genetically predisposed to gallstones as a result of an accelerated cholesterol metabolism may therefore also be at risk for excessive exposure of other toxic compounds to the gallbladder epithelium. Two candidates are the orphan nuclear receptor (ONR) family and the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter family . An interesting hypothesis introduced by Venniyoor connects the lower incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and higher incidence of GBC seen in areas of northern India and South America, with epithelial exposure to aflatoxin.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two candidates are the orphan nuclear receptor (ONR) family and the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter family . An interesting hypothesis introduced by Venniyoor connects the lower incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and higher incidence of GBC seen in areas of northern India and South America, with epithelial exposure to aflatoxin. Overactivity of the ONR and ABC efflux pumps may reduce the exposure time of hepatocytes to aflatoxin, but increase the exposure of the gallbladder epithelium to the same agent, thus resulting in the observed shift in the incidences of these two anatomically related, but quite distinct, malignancies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern perspectives on factors predisposing to the development of gallbladder cancer

Pilgrim

Groeschl

Christians

et al. 2013

HPB

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“…[7] Predisposing risk factors for GBC include cholelithiasis, chronic biliary infections ( Opisthorchis viverrini, Salmonella typhi ), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and porcelain gallbladder. [8–10] The presence of large gallstone is also one of the major risk factors. A stone size of more than 3 cm, a family history of GBC, and the duration of cholelithiasis are potential risk factors for developing GBC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%