Cholesterol, Cytokines and Diseases

Abstract

A high level of cholesterol is associated with obesity, cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis. Immune response in atherosclerosis is mediated by chemokines which attract monocytes, leading to the innate immune response characterised by the production of cytokines. The immunoregulatory cytokines are an important bridge between innate and adductive immunity. TH1 cytokines are involved as effector T cells in inflammatory response, while TH2 cytokines can be anti-inflammatory such as IL-10 and IL-4. It is well known that statins enhance the production of TH2 cytokines whereas the secretion of TH1 cytokines is suppressed. For this purpose, we studied the significance of anti-inflammatory effect and suppression of inflammation by statins. In this paper we revisited the role of cholesterol and cytokines IL-18, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, interferon-γ, and chemokines in inflammatory diseases.

Cerebrovascular Changes

“…Again, those rats which developed obesity had elevated oxidative stress levels while the lean rats did not. A number of studies have linked increased oxidative stress to development of atherosclerosis as it can lead to increased lipoprotein oxidation and increased cytokine release into the bloodstream (Stone, 2005;Tibolla et al, 2010;Wang et al, 2009;Saggini et al, 2011). Lastly, in a recent study from our group, we demonstrated for the first time that diet-induced obesity (DIO) elevates levels of total ROS in the mouse brain, a result which was also supported by finding a significant decrease in cortical glutathione peroxidase activity (Freeman et al, 2013).…”

“…First, elevated cholesterol levels are well known to occur due to an unhealthy diet/obesity (Grundy, 1997;Saggini et al, 2011;Go et al, 2013). A major component of the negative effects of a high fat diet is the high density lipoprotein (HDL)/low density lipoprotein (LDL) profile (Wang and Beydoun, 2007).…”

Association of variable number of tandem repeat polymorphism in the IL-4 gene with ischemic stroke in the Chinese Uyghur population

“…Many previous studies have demonstrated that elevated IL-4 production could indicate inflammatory diseases (Saggini et al, 2011). In particular, there is little questions that the elevated production of IL-4 serves as an excellent marker of IS in vitro (Kim et al, 2000).…”

“…The VNTR polymorphism of the IL-4 gene has been widely shown to be associated with a number of inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura as well as cerebrovascular disease (Vandenbroeck et al, 1997;Chen et al, 2007;Um and Kim, 2009). In addition, several in vitro studies showed that IL-4 regulates the JAK and STAT signal transduction pathways, consequently playing an important role in atherosclerosis and various inflammatory diseases (Saggini et al, 2011;Bao et al, 2012). Some researchers have even proposed that IL-4 has possible therapeutic potential in the treatment of inflammation-related disorders (Kleemann et al, 2008;Profumo et al, 2008).…”

PPROMEDIA – Database of Chemical Substances the Potential Biomarkers of Diseases with the Meaning in Noninvasive Diagnostics

“…Эти соединения участвуют в регуляции процесса воспаления [29]. В ряде исследований отмечено сопряженное с воспалением изменение обмена холестерина [30][31][32], что может отразиться на образовании изопрена [33] и ряда других соединений (дегидроэпиандростерона, дегидроэпиандростерон-сульфата, 17-гидроксипрогестерона, андростендиона [34], 7альфа-гидроксидегидроэпиандростерона [35,36] Итак, анализ системных и внутриклеточных процессов свидетельствует о том, что при аутоиммунных патологиях можно ожидать изменений в концентрации таких ЛОС, как ацетон и изопрен, которые выделяются в составе выдыхаемого воздуха. Для проверки данного предположения были исследованы пациенты, проходившие стандартный курс лечения в Институте клинической иммунологии СО РАМН (Новосибирск).…”