Cholera Outbreak Investigation in Four Districts of Kirkos Sub-city in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study

Tadesse, Tamiru; Zawdie, Belay

doi:10.11648/j.plm.20200401.12

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…In our study, we found that eating raw vegetables like tomatoes without washing was an independent risk factor for the cholera outbreak. This nding is consistent with previous research ndings conducted in Bangladesh, which stated that the primary route of cholera pathogen transmission was eating raw vegetables without washing (30). It is critical to wash vegetables and fruits before eating them.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Our ndings also revealed that exposure to cholera cases in the sub-city was statistically signi cant to the disease and was a risk factor. Similar study ndings conducted in Bangladesh, individuals in household contacts were found to be 5 times more likely than non-contacts (30) .Taking precautions when in contact with cases can help to reduce the risk of transmission. Hand washing with soap is essential for preventing the spread of V.cholerae during food preparation, serving, and consumption, as well as when visiting latrines.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…Cholera is mostly an easily transmittable disease from person to person contact with the infected case or by contaminated materials (10). Several existing studies have found that a history of contact with infected patients increases the risk of cholera disease transmission from an infected person to another through contact by 4 to 5 times, and the risk is even higher among household contacts (30,32). Our ndings also revealed that exposure to cholera cases in the sub-city was statistically signi cant to the disease and was a risk factor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of cholera outbreak and its determinants in Shaggar city, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2024: a case-control study

Mideksa,

Botore,

Abdo

2024

Preprint

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Introduction: Cholera, a severe acute diarrheal disease, with an epidemic-prone transmission patterns and serious public health emergencies that have a major impact on health and the economic in Ethiopia. A cholera outbreak was reported on 30 May 2023 in Shaggar City and declared the cholera outbreak after confirmed cases. In the city, the source and risk factors were unknown. The aim of this study was to verify and identify the determinants of the cholera outbreak and guide intervention measures in the sub-city of Shaggar City, Oromia, Ethiopia. Method An unmatched case-control study was carried out to assess the determinants of cholera outbreaks in the sub-city of the shaggar, Oromia with 1:1 case to control ratio. A total of 180 (60 cases and 120 controls) participants were included in the study. We interviewed study participants and collected data on demographic and cholera risk factors using a structured questionnaire. Data were entered into Epi-info 7.2.1.0 and analyzed with SPSS version 26. We used COR with p.value < 0.25 in bivariable analysis to identify candidate variables for multivariable regression analysis. In multivariable logistic regression, 95% CI with AOR were used to measure strength of association between outcome and independent variables and p.value < 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. Results The median age of the cases and controls was 31 and 32 years respectively. 36 (60%) of the cases and 59 (49%) of the controls were men. The overall attack rate was 0.12 per 1000 population. According to multivariate analysis, people live in a household with overcrowding and poor sanitation(AOR: 0.03, 95% CI: (0.001–0.86), Eating outside of the home from different food and drink establishments AOR: 0.29, 95% CI: (0.08–1.02), Poor status of the latrine in the home [AOR: 6.76, 95% CI: (1.50-30.44)], Drinking water from a borehole [A OR:20.7,95%CI:(1.97-218.05] and deep well watercourse was a more likely risk in cases compared to controls, drinking water treatment and boiling (AOR:0.02, 95% CI:(0.003–0.210) were protective factors for the diseases. Conclusion Drinking unsafe water and household sanitation problem appears to be the major risk factors in the recent cholera outbreak in the sub-city. Health education, chlorination of drinking water, and strengthening surveillance were implemented. To reduce the risk of future outbreaks of cholera; environmental hygiene practices and the use and accessibility of safe drinking water should be promoted at the community level.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of cholera outbreak and its determinants in Shaggar city, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2024: a case-control study

Mideksa,

Botore,

Abdo

2024

Preprint

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“…Vibrio cholerae causes cholera, manifested as life-threatening voluminous and watery diarrhea and vomiting. Outbreaks of cholera in different sub-cities of Addis Ababa have been reported at different times [17][18][19][20]. Although the pathogen was isolated from stool specimen, none of the studies, however, isolated V. cholerae from environmental samples, except one which reported the isolation of the pathogen from two holy water samples consumed [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vibrio cholerae O1 and Escherichia coli O157:H7 from drinking water and wastewater in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Mogessie,

Legesse,

Hailu

et al. 2024

BMC Microbiol

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Background In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, open ditches along innner roads in residential areas serve to convey domestic wastewater and rainwater away from residences. Contamination of drinking water by wastewater through faulty distribution lines could expose households to waterborne illnesses. This prompted the study to assess the microbiological safety of wastewater and drinking water in Addis Ababa, identify the pathogens therein, and determine their antibiotic resistance patterns. Results Vibrio cholerae O1, mainly Hikojima serotype, was isolated from 23 wastewater and 16 drinking water samples. Similarly, 19 wastewater and 10 drinking water samples yielded Escherichia coli O157:H7. V. cholerae O1 were 100% resistant to the penicillins (Amoxacillin and Ampicillin), and 51–82% were resistant to the cephalosporins. About 44% of the V. cholerae O1 isolates in this study were Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producers. Moreover, 26% were resistant to Meropenem. Peperacillin/Tazobactam was the only effective β-lactam antibiotic against V. cholerae O1. V. cholerae O1 isolates showed 37 different patterns of multiple resistance ranging from a minimum of three to a maximum of ten antimicrobials. Of the E. coli O157:H7 isolates, 71% were ESBL producers. About 96% were resistant to Ampicillin. Amikacin and Gentamicin were very effective against E. coli O157:H7 isolates. The isolates from wastewater and drinking water showed multiple antibiotic resistance against three to eight antibiotic drugs. Conclusions Open ditches for wastewater conveyance along innner roads in residence areas and underground faulty municipal water distribution lines could be possible sources for V. cholerae O1 and E. coli O157:H7 infections to surrounding households and for dissemination of multiple drug resistance in humans and, potentially, the environment.

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Measles Outbreak Investigation in Aneded District, Northwest Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study

Tariku,

Belete,

Worede

et al. 2024

J Epidemiol Glob Health

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Background Between 2000 and 2018, global measles deaths decreased by 73%, but the disease remains prevalent in many developing countries, especially in Africa and Asia. Although Ethiopia was attempting to eliminate the measles, it still ranks fourth in the world in terms of the number of cases. The aim of the investigation was to describe the outbreak and identify its determinants in the Aneded district. Methods Between March 3, 2020, and April 2, 2020, the 89 patients and 178 controls participated in a case-control study. Data were gathered by means of in-person interviews with household leaders. The attack and case fatality rates were determined. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, variables having a p-value of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant cut-off points. Results An investigation was conducted on a total of 89 measles cases, with 3 deaths and 178 controls. In total, there were 1.65 attacks per 1000 people, or 3.4% of the case fatality rate. There were 155 days of outbreak duration. The disease was significantly associated with being female [adjusted odds ratios (AOR) = 2.66; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.38–5.11], under 5 years old [AOR = 7.24; 95% CI = 2.58–20.31], positive in attitude [AOR = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.11–0.42], and having a contact history [AOR = 3.19; 95% CI = 1.67–6.10]. Conclusion The measles outbreak, with its higher attack and case fatality rate, has been influenced by factors like household attitudes, age, sex, contact and travel history and needs to be reduced through early detection, active surveillance, and fostering favorable attitudes towards disease prevention and control.

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Cholera Outbreak Investigation in Four Districts of Kirkos Sub-city in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Investigation of cholera outbreak and its determinants in Shaggar city, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2024: a case-control study

Investigation of cholera outbreak and its determinants in Shaggar city, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2024: a case-control study

Vibrio cholerae O1 and Escherichia coli O157:H7 from drinking water and wastewater in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Measles Outbreak Investigation in Aneded District, Northwest Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study

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