Cholecystectomy versus central obesity or insulin resistance in relation to the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the third US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Abstract

Background Cholecystectomy, central obesity, and insulin resistance (IR) are established risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to examine the relative contributions and combined association of cholecystectomy and central obesity/IR with NAFLD risk. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), in which ultrasonography was performed. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for NAFLD were estimated using logistic regression. Results Cholecystectomy associated with a higher prevalence of NAFLD compared with gallstones among both centrally obese and non-centrally-obese subjects. Gallstones associated with a higher prevalence of NAFLD only in the presence of central obesity. In centrally obese participants, the OR increased from 2.67 (2.15–3.32) for participants without gallstone disease to 6.73 (4.40–10.29) for participants with cholecystectomy. In participants with cholecystectomy, the OR increased from 2.57 (1.35–4.89) for participants without central obesity to 6.73 (4.40–10.29) for centrally obese counterparts. We observed a modest increase in the risk of NAFLD with cholecystectomy compared with a large increase in the risk with IR or metabolic syndrome. Conclusion The magnitude of the NAFLD risk contributed by cholecystectomy was similar to central obesity in combined analyses. The magnitude of the association with IR or metabolic syndrome was greater than with cholecystectomy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12902-019-0423-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Sarcopenia modifies the associations of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among older adults

“…As elaborated in our previous report 14 , BMI was calculated as weight (in kilograms) divided by the square of height (in meters). Waist circumference (WC) was measured with a steel measuring tape just above the iliac crest to the nearest 1 mm.…”

“…Methods used for laboratory evaluations have been described in detail elsewhere 14 . Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated by the formula: HOMA-IR = fasting insulin (micro-international units per milliliter) × fasting glucose (millimoles per liter)/22.5.…”

Sarcopenia Modifies the Associations of NAFLD With All-cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Among Elderly Individuals

“…Archived videotapes on gallbladder ultrasounds were reviewed between 2009 and 2010 to ascertain the presence of fat within the hepatic parenchyma. The diagnosis of fatty liver was based on the following ve criteria 15 : the brightness of liver parenchymal, presence of liver to kidney contrast, presence of echogenic walls within the small intrahepatic vessels, presence of deep beam attenuation, and de nition of gallbladder walls, which were also described in our previous report 14 . NAFLD was initially categorized as a 4-level classi cation (none, mild, moderate, or severe) and then recorded as a 2-level classi cation (none to mild or moderate to severe), which was the classi cation used for the current analysis.…”

Relationship between the Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Endometrial Thickness in Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-sectional Study in China

“…We included 50897 women who underwent comprehensive health examination in the Quality Control Center of Health Examination in Chongqing, China, from January 2015 to July 2018(the health examiners are consecutive). Then excluded those who had a hysterectomy, cholecystectomy [34][35][36], ovariectomy [37,38] or a history of relative malignancy, intrauterine device in situ or if they were during pregnant, puerperium periods or breast feeding [39]. Also, the cases without the original descriptions and detailed reports of abdominal and gynecological ultrasonography (include ET) or without available data of age, weight, height, body mass index, or correlated metabolic components [40] were ruled out.…”