Chlorpyrifos: pollution and remediation

Abstract

The widespread use of pesticides in modern agriculture is of increasing concern due to environmental contamination and subsequent biodiversity loss. Chlorpyrifos is a toxic organophosphate pesticide. Repeated applications of chlorpyrifos modify the soil microbial community structure and pose potential health risks to the other nontargets. Chlorpyrifos has been reported as the second most commonly detected pesticide in food and water. Extensive use of chlorpyrifos in agriculture and persistence in the environment have raised public concern and demand for safe technologies to overcome the pollution and toxicity problems. Here, we review pollution and toxicity issues associated with chlorpyrifos use and discuss strategies to solve pesticide contamination. Chlorpyrifos, previously shown to be resistant to enhanced degradation, has now been proved to undergo enhanced microbe-mediated decay. Here, special emphasis is given to degradation methods such as ozonation, Fenton treatment, photodegradation, and advanced oxidation processes along with microbial degradation. Finally, we focus on degradation process at enzyme and molecular levels which will enable us to elucidate the exact degradative pathway involved in biodegradation.

Dissipation and adsorption of isoproturon, tebuconazole, chlorpyrifos and their main transformation products under laboratory and field conditions

“…In the laboratory study, the persistence of CHL decreased with increasing dose rates (DT 50s 28.6 to 52.6 days in the ×10 and ×1 dose rate, respectively) which is not in accordance with the general trend for increasing CHL persistence at increasing application rates (John and Shaike, 2015) and to the opposite trend observed in the field experiment (DT 50s 6.7 to 119.6 days in the × 1 and ×5 dose rate, respectively). The higher laboratory dissipation of CHL at increasing dose rates might be attributed to its high adsorption affinity (verified in our study) which at low dose rates in a static soil laboratory incubation system could be mostly adsorbed resulting in low bioavailability and longer persistence compared to the higher dose rates which might have saturated the soil adsorption sites and the remaining fraction of CHL is found dissolved in the soil solution phase where it was degraded by biotic and abiotic mechanisms.…”

Chlorpyrifos exposure in farmers and urban adults: Metabolic characteristic, exposure estimation, and potential effect of oxidative damage

“…In addition, chlorpyrifos is also one of the major insecticides used in residential settings, as it is contained in nearly 800 registered products on the market (Grabusky et al, 2004). In China, an annual chlorpyrifos production of 20,0000 t was estimated in 2015 (John and Shaike, 2015). Due to the widespread usage, chlorpyrifos has been frequently detected in air, soil, and water environments in China (Li et al, 2011(Li et al, and, 2014Zhang et al, 2012).…”

Larval Exposure to Chlorpyrifos Affects Nutritional Physiology and Induces Genotoxicity in Silkworm Philosamia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

“…Chlorpyrifos is a cost efficient, degradable pesticide, hence despite of its toxicity it is extensively used since its introduction in 1965. Therefore, Chlorpyrifos has been reported as one of the commonly used organophosphate pesticide (Kiely et al, 2004; John and Shaike, 2015). However, this pesticide enters and contaminates the environment either by direct application, spray drifts or crop run off and shows adverse effect on the non-targeted wildlife populations starting from microorganism to higher vertebrates (Watson et al, 2014; Ahmad et al, 2015; Jin et al, 2015; John and Shaike, 2015; Pascotto et al, 2015).…”