Chloroquine resistant <i>Plasmodium vivax</i> malaria in India

Dua, V. K.; Kar, P. K.; Sharma, V. P.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.1996.tb00116.x

Cited by 85 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Plasmodium vivax is the major malaria parasite in Indian subcontinent contributing majority of cases (Dua et al 1996) however in northeast region, the situation is different and [60% malaria cases are contributed by Plasmodium falciparum (Mohapatra et al 2008;Dhiman et al 2010). Anopheles dirus, A. minimus and A. fluviatilis are prominent vectors responsible for transmission of the disease in these states Dev and Phookan 1996).…”

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confidence: 99%

A cross sectional investigation of malaria epidemiology among seven tea estates in Assam, India

et al. 2011

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In the present investigation, the epidemiology of malaria among seven tea estates of Nagaon and Udalguri districts of Assam, India has been described. A cross-sectional open study was carried out to understand the malaria epidemiology and associated risk factors among the tea tribes during March to September 2009. Out of 1,182 peripheral blood smears examined, 506 found positive for malaria (slide positivity rate, SPR = 42.8) with Plasmodium falciparum as predominant species. Dimakuchi tea estate was having highest SPR (P = 0.0275) and contributed more number of P. falciparum cases (P \ 0.00001). Tea estates studied in both Udalguri and Nagaon districts were equally affected and the SPR recorded were 41.75 and 43.32% respectively. 154 malaria cases detected were having 'O' blood group but each blood group was found to have similar susceptibility of acquiring malaria infection (v 2 = 3.603; P = 0.3076) and P. falciparum infection (v 2 = 1.818; P = 0.6110). The SPR was highest among children more than 2 years of age group and variation in SPR among the age groups was statistically significant (v 2 = 17.186; P = 0.0018). No gender biasing was observed in malaria distribution. Anemia was found associated with the infection among both the sexes. The findings suggest that tea estates are endemic for stable malaria transmission primarily due to P. falciparum and the prevalence rate decline with age, suggesting the development of protective immunity. Promising intervention measures could be able to reduce the malaria prevalence effectively in the study areas.

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A cross sectional investigation of malaria epidemiology among seven tea estates in Assam, India

et al. 2011

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“…The emergence of resistance to CQ and the failing efficacy of PQ regimens in preventing relapses have raised great concerns in the control of P. vivax malaria. 9,10 Clinical CQ-resistant (CQR) P. vivax was first reported from Papua New Guinea in 1989, 11,12 followed by multiple reports from Indonesia, [13][14][15] Myanmar, 16,17 India, 18,19 Guyana, 20 Brazil, 21,22 Colombia, 23 and more recently in Ethiopia 24 and South Korea. 25 Continued surveillance of P. vivax drug resistance may detect CQR P. vivax parasites in most of its geographic range.…”

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In vitro Anti-Malarial Drug Susceptibility of Temperate Plasmodium vivax from Central China

Lu¹,

Gao²,

Chotivanich³

et al. 2011

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. In the face of recent increase of Plasmodium vivax malaria in central China, we conducted a study to evaluate in vitro susceptibility of temperate-zone P. vivax parasites to antimalarial drugs. During 2005During -2006, in vitro drug susceptibility was measured for 42 clinical P. vivax isolates by using a schizont maturation inhibition technique. Geometric means of 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC 50 s) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were 10.87 (4.50-26.26) ng/mL for chloroquine, 4.21 (1.88-9.42-8) ng/mL for mefloquine, 11.82 (6.20-22.56) ng/mL for quinine, 0.13 (0.09-0.20) ng/mL for artesunate, 18.32 (8.08-41.50) ng/mL for pyrimethamine, and 17.73 (10.29-30.57) ng/mL for piperaquine. The IC 50 for chloroquine was lower than those obtained from isolates from Thailand and South Korea, suggesting that chloroquine remained effective against P. vivax malaria in central China. The results further indicated that temperate-zone P. vivax isolates from China were more susceptible to chloroquine, quinine, and mefloquine than isolates from Thailand.

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“…falciparum developed resistance to chloroquine (CQ) in various disease foci in the 1950s (47), but the first case of P. vivax resistance to CQ was not reported until 1989, in Papua New Guinea (37). Further sporadic cases were subsequently observed in the Western Pacific (Indonesia, Philippines) (1,2,12,28,35,42,44), Southeast Asia (Myanmar, India, Vietnam) (11,15,22,24,29,31,40), South America (Colombia, Guyana) (32,41), and the Middle East (Turkey) (21). Despite these reports, it remains difficult to estimate the worldwide prevalence of P. vivax resistance to CQ.…”

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Plasmodium vivaxResistance to Chloroquine in Madagascar: Clinical Efficacy and Polymorphisms inpvmdr1andpvcrt-oGenes

Barnadas

Ratsimbasoa

Tichit

et al. 2008

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

111

132

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No data were available concerning Plasmodium vivax resistance to chloroquine (CQ) in Madagascar. We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of CQ in P. vivax malaria, the prevalence of mutations in the pvcrt-o and pvmdr1 genes before treatment, and the association between mutant parasites and the clinical response of the patients to CQ treatment. Clinical isolates were collected at six sentinel sites located in the three epidemiological strata for malaria throughout Madagascar in 2006. Patients were enrolled, treated, and followed up according to the WHO 2001 guidelines for P. vivax infections. Sequencing was used to analyze polymorphisms of the pvcrt-o (exons 1 to 6) and pvmdr1 genes. The treatment failure rate, after adjustment for genotyping, was estimated at 5.1% for the 105 patients included, ranging from zero in the South to 14.8% in the foothills of the Central Highlands. All samples were wild type for pvcrt-o but mutant for the pvmdr1 gene. Ten nonsynonymous mutations were found in the pvmdr1 gene, including five new mutations, four of which were present at low frequencies (1.3% to 7.5%) while the S513R mutation was present at a much higher frequency (96.3%). The other five mutations, including Y976F, had been described before and had frequencies of 97.8% to 100%. Our findings suggest that CQ-resistant P. vivax isolates are present in Madagascar, particularly in the foothills of the Central Highlands. The 976Y pvmdr1 mutation was found not to be useful for monitoring CQ resistance. Further efforts are required to develop suitable tools for monitoring drug resistance in P. vivax malaria.

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Chloroquine resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in India

Cited by 85 publications

References 7 publications

A cross sectional investigation of malaria epidemiology among seven tea estates in Assam, India

A cross sectional investigation of malaria epidemiology among seven tea estates in Assam, India

In vitro Anti-Malarial Drug Susceptibility of Temperate Plasmodium vivax from Central China

Plasmodium vivaxResistance to Chloroquine in Madagascar: Clinical Efficacy and Polymorphisms inpvmdr1andpvcrt-oGenes

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