Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of malaria and repurposing in treating COVID-19

Lei, Zi‐Ning; Wu, Zhuo‐Xun; Dong, Shaowei; Yang, Dong‐Hua; Zhang, Litu; Ke, Zunfu; Zou, Chang; Chen, Zhe‐Sheng

doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107672

Cited by 87 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 187 publications

(188 reference statements)

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“…Hydroxychloroquine has also been associated with reducing the risk of thrombosis, one of the major risk-factors in SARS-CoV-2 patients [103]. Although hydroxychloroquine is a major drug used both prophylactically and for the direct treatment of COVID-19 patients, but recently some adverse side-effects were reported, including cardiac arrest and ventricular arrhythmias [104][105][106]. Careful clinical examinations are still underway to validate the effects of hydroxychloroquine on COVID-19 patients.…”

Section: Darunavirmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: Characteristics and Therapeutics

Chilamakuri

Agarwal

2021

Cells

230

197

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Novel coronavirus (COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV or SARS-CoV-2), which suddenly emerged in December 2019 is still haunting the entire human race and has affected not only the healthcare system but also the global socioeconomic balances. COVID-19 was quickly designated as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization as there have been about 98.0 million confirmed cases and about 2.0 million confirmed deaths, as of January 2021. Although, our understanding of COVID-19 has significantly increased since its outbreak, and multiple treatment approaches and pharmacological interventions have been tested or are currently under development to mitigate its risk-factors. Recently, some vaccine candidates showed around 95% clinical efficacy, and now receiving emergency use approvals in different countries. US FDA recently approved BNT162 and mRNA-1273 vaccines developed by Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna Inc. for emergency use and vaccination in the USA. In this review, we present a succinct overview of the SARS-CoV-2 virus structure, molecular mechanisms of infection, COVID-19 epidemiology, diagnosis, and clinical manifestations. We also systematize different treatment strategies and clinical trials initiated after the pandemic outbreak, based on viral infection and replication mechanisms. Additionally, we reviewed the novel pharmacological intervention approaches and vaccine development strategies against COVID-19. We speculate that the current pandemic emergency will trigger detailed studies of coronaviruses, their mechanism of infection, development of systematic drug repurposing approaches, and novel drug discoveries for current and future pandemic outbreaks.

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Section: Darunavirmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: Characteristics and Therapeutics

Chilamakuri

Agarwal

2021

Cells

230

197

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“…The general information for some key drugs against COVID-19 are summarized in table 1. Most agents were originally approved for the treatment of other viral infections, except hydroxy-chloroquine that has been used for over 60 years primarily for malaria treatment, and is also approved for systemic lupus erythematosus [17].…”

Section: List Of Potential Antiviral Agents For the Treatment Of Covimentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacodynamics of Remdesivir: How to Improve for COVID-19 Treatment

Chakraborty¹,

Diwan²

2020

J Biomed Res Environ Sci

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Potential clinical benefit in SARS-CoV-2 infection upon remdesivir treatment has been established. Recently, FDA has granted full approval for the clinical use of remdesivir for COVID therapy. However, the efficacy of remdesivir alone or in combination with other antivirals is still open to research, especially in terms of benefits vs. risk ratio. We here review remdesivir therapy based on a search for relevant pharmacological evidences with regards to the Pharmacokinetics (PK) and Pharmacodynamics (PD) of appropriate antiviral compounds against COVID-19 alone or in combination with other potential therapies. Drug–Drug Interactions (DDIs), if any in case of combo treatments have also been taken into consideration. We found promising in vitro evidence for efficacy of remdesivir, in combination with (hydroxy) chloroquine and/or favipiravir against SARS-CoV-2 infection in cell culture studies. However, clinical trial results from these combinations were not in line with the promising in vitro data, and therefore limit the use of such combinations in practice. Remdesivir and antibody therapies have also been used clinically either in combination or in sequential application. However, there are no substantive evaluable clinical data on these uses as of now. Additionally, some other drug combinations with remdesivir have been proposed in this article for future improvement in therapies.

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“…Chloroquine (CQ) and its derivative, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), are medications used in treatment and prophylaxis of the malaria and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [ 9 ]. The only chemical structure difference between HCQ and CQ is that HCQ has a hydroxyl substitution at the ethyl group of amine ( Figure 1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine: Efficacy in the Treatment of the COVID-19

Wang²,

Tsai

et al. 2021

Pathogens

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Chloroquine (CQ) and its derivative, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), have attracted wide attention for treating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, conflicting outcomes have been found in COVID-19 clinical trials after treatment with CQ or HCQ. To date, it remains uncertain whether CQ and HCQ are beneficial antiviral drugs for combating COVID-19. We performed a systematic review to depict the efficacy of CQ or HCQ for the treatment of COVID-19. The guidelines of PRISMA were used to conduct this systematic review. We searched through articles from PubMed, Web of Science and other sources that were published from 1 January 2020 to 31 October 2020. The search terms included combinations of human COVID-19, CQ, and HCQ. Eleven qualitative articles comprising of four clinical trials and seven observation studies were utilized in our systematic review. The analysis shows that CQ and HCQ do not have efficacy in treatment of patients with severe COVID-19. In addition, CQ and HCQ have caused life-threatening adverse reactions which included cardiac arrest, electrocardiogram modification, and QTc prolongation, particularly during the treatment of patients with severe COVID-19. Our systematic review suggested that CQ and HCQ are not beneficial antiviral drugs for curing patients with severe COVID-19. The treatment effect of CQ and HCQ is not only null but also causes serious side effects, which may cause potential cardiotoxicity in severe COVID-19 patients.

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Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of malaria and repurposing in treating COVID-19

Cited by 87 publications

References 187 publications

COVID-19: Characteristics and Therapeutics

COVID-19: Characteristics and Therapeutics

Pharmacodynamics of Remdesivir: How to Improve for COVID-19 Treatment

Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine: Efficacy in the Treatment of the COVID-19

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