Chloroplast thylakoids reduce glucose uptake and decrease intestinal macromolecular permeability

Montelius, Caroline; Gustafsson, Karolina; Weström, Björn; Albertsson, Per‐Åke; Emek, Sinan Cem; Rayner, Marilyn; Erlanson–Albertsson, Charlotte

doi:10.1017/s0007114511001267

Cited by 28 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…A decreased passage of glucose during the experimental period of 10 d would theoretically result in a lower secretion of insulin, resulting in higher insulin sensitivity. It has previously been reported that thylakoids, in a dose-dependent way, decrease the in vitro uptake of methyl-glucose over the rat intestinal wall ( 16 ) . The reason for this decrease could be either an indirect cause of a steric hindrance formed by thylakoids binding to the mucosa of the intestine, or less likely, a direct cause of thylakoids binding to glucose molecules ( 16 ) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The experimental diet was composed of standard rat chow (R 36; Lantmännen) enriched with either only rapeseed oil (control diet) or a thylakoid–oil suspension (thylakoid diet). Thylakoid membranes were extracted and purified from fresh baby-spinach leaves as described before ( 14 , 16 ) . The thylakoid diet was prepared by mixing 4 g thylakoid powder (corresponding to 132 mg chlorophyll), 5 g rapeseed oil and 10 g water by using an Ultraturax mixer.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The satiety-promoting effects induced by thylakoids were explained by their interaction with dietary lipids, prolonging the digestion of dietary fat ( 15 ) . Thylakoids have also been found to create a physical ‘barrier’ on the mucosal surface of the intestine in vitro , causing a decreased uptake of methyl-glucose and macronutrients over the intestinal wall ( 16 ) .…”

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Feeding spinach thylakoids to rats modulates the gut microbiota, decreases food intake and affects the insulin response

et al. 2013

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Thylakoid membranes derived from green leaf chloroplasts affect appetite-regulating hormones, suppress food intake, reduce blood lipids and lead to a decreased body weight in animals and human subjects. Thylakoids also decrease the intestinal in vitro uptake of methyl-glucose in the rat. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary thylakoids on the gut microbiota composition, mainly the taxa of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, in rats fed either a thylakoid-enriched diet or a control diet for 10 d. At the same time, a glucose-tolerance test in the same rats was also performed. Food intake was significantly decreased in the thylakoid-fed rats compared with the control-fed rats over the 10-d study. An oral glucose tolerance test after 10 d of thylakoid- or control-food intake resulted in significantly reduced plasma insulin levels in the thylakoid-fed rats compared with the control-fed rats, while no difference was observed for blood glucose levels. Analysis of gut bacteria showed a significant increase of lactobacilli on the ileal mucosa, specifically Lactobacillus reuteri, in the rats fed the thylakoid diet compared with rats fed the control diet, while faecal lactobacilli decreased. No difference in bifidobacteria between the thylakoid and control groups was found. Analyses with terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and principal component analysis of faeces demonstrated different microbial populations in the thylakoid- and control-fed animals. These findings indicate that thylakoids modulate the gut microbial composition, which might be important for the regulation of body weight and energy metabolism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feeding spinach thylakoids to rats modulates the gut microbiota, decreases food intake and affects the insulin response

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“…Since thylakoids are biological membranes composed of proteins and lipids, digestive enzymes such as pepsin and trypsin degrade the thylakoid membranes after approximately four hours in vitro 16 . The degraded membranes eventually are detached from the oil-water interface and lipid digestion can continue without steatorrhea 17 .…”

Section: The Effect Of Thylakoid Isolates On Lipolysis When Included mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of heat treatment of thylakoids on their ability to inhibit in vitro lipase/co-lipase activity

et al. 2014

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The effect of heat treatment of thylakoids on their ability to inhibit in vitro lipase/colipase activity.Östbring, Karolina; Rayner, Marilyn; Sjöholm, Ingegerd; Otterström, Jennie; Albertsson, PerÅke; Emek, Sinan Cem; Erlanson-Albertsson, Charlotte General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.• You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal AbstractThylakoids has been shown to prolong lipolysis by the inhibition of lipase/co-lipase, which makes thylakoids suitable as a functional food ingredient with satiating properties. The components of thylakoids that provide its function as a lipolysis modulator are primarily photosystems I and II, which are structurally stabilised by chlorophyll. However, chlorophyll is known to be heat sensitive yet the enzymatic inhibiting capacity after heat treatment has not been previously studied. It was hypothesised that the retained function of thylakoids after heat treatment could be correlated to the degree of degradation. Heat treatment at either 60°C, 75°C or 90°C for time interval ranging from 15 sec to 120 min induced a color shift from bright green to olive brown which was attributed to degradation. The ability of heat-treated thylakoids to inhibit lipolysis in vitro was also reduced. A correlation between chlorophyll a degradation and the enzymatic inhibiting capacity could be established which opens possibilities to use a spectrophotometric method to quantify the ability of thylakoids to inhibit lipase/co-lipase in a more rapid and cost effective way to complement the pH-stat method used today. With the degradation pattern investigated, it is then possible to design a thermal treatment process to ensure a microbiological safe appetite-reducing product and at the same time minimize the loss of functionality.

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“…While it is not clear how this works, chlorophyllin may interfere with gut glucose transporters or incretin signaling, e.g., acting as a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretagogue. It is already known that chloroplast thylakoids reduce glucose uptake and suppress blood glucose levels [110,111]. Moreover, daily supplementation with green plant membranes for three months significantly reduced weight in overweight women via GLP-1 [112].…”

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The Metabolic Plant Feedback Hypothesis: How Plant Secondary Metabolites Nonspecifically Impact Human Health

Gertsch

2016

Planta Med

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Humans can ingest gram amounts of plant secondary metabolites daily through diet. Many of these phytochemicals are bioactive beyond our current understanding because they act through weak negative biological feedback mechanisms, undetectable in vitro. Homeostatic-type assessments shed light on the evolutionary implications of the human diet from plants, giving rise to the metabolic plant feedback hypothesis. The hypothesis states that ancient diets rich in carbohydrates coincide with bulk dietary phytochemicals that act as nonspecific inhibitors of metabolic and inflammatory processes. Consequently, food-derived phytochemicals are likely to be equally effective as herbal medicines for these indications. In addition to the ubiquitous flavonoids, terpenoids, and fatty acids in the diet, the likely impact of chronic chlorophyll ingestion on human health is discussed, and data on its modulation of blood glucose levels are presented. A major deduction of this hypothesis is that starchy diets lacking plant secondary metabolites are associated with multimorbidity (lifestyle diseases) including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. It is proposed that the intake of leafy vegetables, spices, and herbal remedies rich in phytochemicals matches the transition and genetic adaptation to early agriculture, playing a compensatory role in the mismatch of old genes and new diets.

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Chloroplast thylakoids reduce glucose uptake and decrease intestinal macromolecular permeability

Cited by 28 publications

References 33 publications

Feeding spinach thylakoids to rats modulates the gut microbiota, decreases food intake and affects the insulin response

Feeding spinach thylakoids to rats modulates the gut microbiota, decreases food intake and affects the insulin response

The effect of heat treatment of thylakoids on their ability to inhibit in vitro lipase/co-lipase activity

The Metabolic Plant Feedback Hypothesis: How Plant Secondary Metabolites Nonspecifically Impact Human Health

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