Chlorophyll Metabolism, an Overview

Rüdiger, Wolfhart; Grimm, Bernhard

doi:10.1007/1-4020-4516-6_10

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…2). One suggestion is an oxidation at 17 1 followed by dehydration to form the double bond (Rüdiger and Grimm 2006), but this possibility has not been investigated experimentally. Chl c 1 inhibits the light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase, suggesting a reason why the porphin ring is not reduced further (Helfrich et al 2003).…”

Section: What Plastid Genomes Tell Usmentioning

confidence: 98%

After the primary endosymbiosis: an update on the chromalveolate hypothesis and the origins of algae with Chl c

Green

2010

Photosynth Res

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The chromalveolate hypothesis proposed by Cavalier-Smith (J Euk Microbiol 46:347-366, 1999) suggested that all the algae with chlorophyll c (heterokonts, haptophytes, cryptophytes, and dinoflagellates), as well as the ciliates, apicomplexans, oomycetes, and other non-photosynthetic relatives, shared a common ancestor that acquired a chloroplast by secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga. Much of the evidence from plastid and nuclear genomes supports a red algal origin for plastids of the photosynthetic lineages, but the number of secondary endosymbioses and the number of plastid losses have not been resolved. The issue is complicated by the fact that nuclear genomes are mosaics of genes acquired over a very long time period, not only by vertical descent but also by endosymbiotic and horizontal gene transfer. Phylogenomic analysis of the available whole-genome data has suggested major alterations to our view of eukaryotic evolution, and given rise to alternative models. The next few years may see even more changes once a more representative collection of sequenced genomes becomes available.

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Section: What Plastid Genomes Tell Usmentioning

confidence: 98%

After the primary endosymbiosis: an update on the chromalveolate hypothesis and the origins of algae with Chl c

Green

2010

Photosynth Res

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“…These results verified that W7–2 is a low-temperature-sensitive cultivar, and its leaf color is sensitive to environmental temperatures. It was shown that the pigment content of plants would gradually decrease with senescence [ 8 , 23 ]. Besides senescence, LT response is another factor that promotes the change of leaves from green to yellow.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals that chlorophyll metabolism contributes to leaf color changes in wucai (Brassica campestris L.) in response to cold

Yuan

Zhang

et al. 2021

BMC Plant Biol

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Background Chlorophyll (Chl) is a vital photosynthetic pigment involved in capturing light energy and energy conversion. In this study, the color conversion of inner-leaves from green to yellow in the new wucai (Brassica campestris L.) cultivar W7–2 was detected under low temperature. The W7–2 displayed a normal green leaf phenotype at the seedling stage, but the inner leaves gradually turned yellow when the temperature was decreased to 10 °C/2 °C (day/night), This study facilitates us to understand the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying leaf color changes in response to low temperature. Results A comparative leaf transcriptome analysis of W7–2 under low temperature treatment was performed on three stages (before, during and after leaf color change) with leaves that did not change color under normal temperature at the same period as a control. A total of 67,826 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in porphyrin and Chl metabolism, carotenoids metabolism, photosynthesis, and circadian rhythm. In the porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolic pathways, the expression of several genes was reduced [i.e. magnesium chelatase subunit H (CHLH)] under low temperature. Almost all genes [i.e. phytoene synthase (PSY)] in the carotenoids (Car) biosynthesis pathway were downregulated under low temperature. The genes associated with photosynthesis [i.e. photosystem II oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 1 (PsbO)] were also downregulated under LT. Our study also showed that elongated hypocotyl5 (HY5), which participates in circadian rhythm, and the metabolism of Chl and Car, is responsible for the regulation of leaf color change and cold tolerance in W7–2. Conclusions The color of inner-leaves was changed from green to yellow under low temperature in temperature-sensitive mutant W7–2. Physiological, biochemical and transcriptomic studies showed that HY5 transcription factor and the downstream genes such as CHLH and PSY, which regulate the accumulation of different pigments, are required for the modulation of leaf color change in wucai under low temperature.

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“…hy1-100 and hy2-1 are defective in steps downstream of heme production to generate phytochromobilin (Parks and Quail, 1991), the chromophore of phytochrome. Loss of HY1 and HY2 function is thought to lead to reduced tetrapyrrole pathway flux as a result of negative feedback on glutamyl-transfer RNA reductase function mediated through heme accumulation ( Figure 1) (Cornah et al, 2003;Rüdiger and Grimm, 2006). As expected for plants with defects in tetrapyrrole synthesis, chlm-2, chl27-2, ppi1, hy1-100, and hy2-1 mutants had varying levels of impaired growth and pigmentation relative to the wild-type (Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia-0 [Col-0]) control seedlings ( Figure 5A).…”

Section: Mutants Defective In the Tetrapyrrole Pathway Display Enhancmentioning

confidence: 99%

ArabidopsisChlorophyll Biosynthesis: An Essential Balance between the Methylerythritol Phosphate and Tetrapyrrole Pathways

Schlicke

Ree

et al. 2013

The Plant Cell

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Chlorophyll, essential for photosynthesis, is composed of a chlorin ring and a geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP)-derived isoprenoid, which are generated by the tetrapyrrole and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) biosynthesis pathways, respectively. Although a functional MEP pathway is essential for plant viability, the underlying basis of the requirement has been unclear. We hypothesized that MEP pathway inhibition is lethal because a reduction in GGPP availability results in a stoichiometric imbalance in tetrapyrrolic chlorophyll precursors, which can cause deadly photooxidative stress. Consistent with this hypothesis, lethality of MEP pathway inhibition in Arabidopsis thaliana by fosmidomycin (FSM) is light dependent, and toxicity of MEP pathway inhibition is reduced by genetic and chemical impairment of the tetrapyrrole pathway. In addition, FSM treatment causes a transient accumulation of chlorophyllide and transcripts associated with singlet oxygeninduced stress. Furthermore, exogenous provision of the phytol molecule reduces FSM toxicity when the phytol can be modified for chlorophyll incorporation. These data provide an explanation for FSM toxicity and thereby provide enhanced understanding of the mechanisms of FSM resistance. This insight into MEP pathway inhibition consequences underlines the risk plants undertake to synthesize chlorophyll and suggests the existence of regulation, possibly involving chloroplast-tonucleus retrograde signaling, that may monitor and maintain balance of chlorophyll precursor synthesis.

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Chlorophyll Metabolism, an Overview

Cited by 13 publications

References 97 publications

After the primary endosymbiosis: an update on the chromalveolate hypothesis and the origins of algae with Chl c

After the primary endosymbiosis: an update on the chromalveolate hypothesis and the origins of algae with Chl c

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals that chlorophyll metabolism contributes to leaf color changes in wucai (Brassica campestris L.) in response to cold

ArabidopsisChlorophyll Biosynthesis: An Essential Balance between the Methylerythritol Phosphate and Tetrapyrrole Pathways

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