Chlorophyll Biosynthesis—Metabolism and Strategies of Higher Plants to Avoid Photooxidative Stress

Apel, Klaus

doi:10.1007/0-306-48148-0_13

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…4). The immediate precursor for the porphyrin ring is the tetrapyrole protochlorophyllide derived from delta‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA; Apel, 2001). Genes encoding enzymes for the synthesis of ALA from glutamine (glutamyl‐tRNA reductase and ALA dehydratase) and its conversion to protochlorophyllide and subsequently to chlorophyllide a (magnesium chelatase and protochlorophyllide reductase) were among those overexpressed in the awn (Table 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The porphyrin ring is synthesized from porphobilinogen through the tetrapyrole biosynthesis pathway. The precursor delta‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is rate limiting for the entire pathway (Apel, 2001). Both glutamyl‐tRNA reductase and ALA dehydratase were preferentially expressed in the awn (Table 1) to ensure availability of ALA for the synthesis of porphobilinogen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative Transcriptional Profiling Established the Awn as the Major Photosynthetic Organ of the Barley Spike While the Lemma and the Palea Primarily Protect the Seed

Abebe

Wise

Skadsen³

2009

The Plant Genome

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The lemma, palea, and awn of a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) spike are photosynthetic organs that supply the developing seed with carbohydrates. The lemma and palea also enclose the seed and protect it from pathogens and insects. Despite the important roles they play, little information exists on gene expression in these organs that identifi es their function. In this study, we compared gene expression among the lemma, palea, awn, and developing seed of barley during grain fi lling using the Barley1 Genome Array to identify highly expressed genes involved in the primary function of these organs. Hierarchical clustering and mixed model analysis revealed that the lemma and palea have closely related gene expression patterns. In addition, the lemma and palea overexpressed defense-related genes compared with the awn. The awn preferentially expressed genes for photosynthesis, the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and carotenoids, and reactive oxygen species scavenging. This suggests the lemma and palea are mainly protective organs whereas the awn is primarily a photosynthetic structure. The seed was enriched with genes for the biosynthesis of starch, storage proteins, enzyme inhibitors, and cell proliferation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Transcriptional Profiling Established the Awn as the Major Photosynthetic Organ of the Barley Spike While the Lemma and the Palea Primarily Protect the Seed

Abebe

Wise

Skadsen³

2009

The Plant Genome

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“…The observation that the ratio of photoactive to non-photoactive Pchlide is highest at the end of light periods suggest that during steady-state Chl accumulation, the metabolic flux through the biosynthetic pathway leading to Pchlide is adjusted in such a way that over-accumulation of the free pigment is avoided. This decreases the risk of singlet oxygen formation upon full exposure to sunlight (Apel 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The photoenzymatic cycle of NADPH: protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase in primary bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris) during the first days of photoperiodic growth

Schoefs

Franck

2007

Photosynth Res

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The photoenzymatic cycle of the light-dependent NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (LPOR) was investigated in situ during early stages of development of bean leaves under light-dark cycles (LDC). In the experimental system used in this study, prolamellar bodies developed during night periods and disappeared during light periods. This was accompanied by changes in the photoactive to non-photoactive Pchlide ratio, which was higher at the end of the light period, and tended to increase with the number of LDC's. Flash-induced absorbance changes in the Chlide absorption region (700 nm) were used in order to monitor the formation of short- and long-wavelength forms of Chlide (C670-675 and C682-694), which correspond to free Chlide and aggregated Chlide-NADPH-LPOR complexes, respectively. The ratio of long-wavelength to short-wavelength Chlides after one flash increased with the number of LDC's, and was higher in leaves collected at the end of light periods, compared to leaves collected at the end of night periods. During light periods, photoactive Pchlide regeneration and Chlide phytylation were completed within 1 min after flash-induced formation of long-wavelength Chlide. The results show for the first time that the photoenzymatic LPOR cycle proceeds through similar steps, but at much faster rates, during photoperiodic greening than in the previously studied leaves of etiolated plants. In particular, the parallel formation of two Chlide species always occurs, but the ratio of the two species depends on the ratio of photoactive to non-photoactive Pchlide and on light or dark adaptation.

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“…Light induces the assembly of the photosynthetic apparatus, which requires tight coordination of chlorophyll biosynthesis and expression of proteins that bind chlorophyll and chlorophyll precursors (Apel ). This is important because free chlorophyll and many intermediates in the biosynthetic pathway of chlorophyll, such as protochlorophyllide, can trigger the production of reactive oxygen species when exposed to light.…”

Section: Phytochrome A‐mediated Responses and Ecological Relevance Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular mechanisms and ecological function of far‐red light signalling

Sheerin

Hiltbrunner

2017

Plant Cell & Environment

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Land plants possess the ability to sense and respond to far-red light (700-760 nm), which serves as an important environmental cue. Due to the nature of far-red light, it is not absorbed by chlorophyll and thus is enriched in canopy shade and will also penetrate deeper into soil than other visible wavelengths. Far-red light responses include regulation of seed germination, suppression of hypocotyl growth, induction of flowering and accumulation of anthocyanins, which depend on one member of the phytochrome photoreceptor family, phytochrome A (phyA). Here, we review the current understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of how plants sense far-red light through phyA and the physiological responses to this light quality. Light-activated phytochromes act on two primary pathways within the nucleus; suppression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex CUL4/DDB1 and inactivation of the PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF) family of bHLH transcription factors. These pathways integrate with other signal transduction pathways, including phytohormones, for tissue and developmental stage specific responses. Unlike other phytochromes that mediate red-light responses, phyA is transported from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in far-red light by the shuttle proteins FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 1 (FHY1) and FHY1-LIKE (FHL). However, additional mechanisms must exist that shift the action of phyA to far-red light; current hypotheses are discussed.

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Chlorophyll Biosynthesis—Metabolism and Strategies of Higher Plants to Avoid Photooxidative Stress

Cited by 6 publications

References 109 publications

Comparative Transcriptional Profiling Established the Awn as the Major Photosynthetic Organ of the Barley Spike While the Lemma and the Palea Primarily Protect the Seed

Comparative Transcriptional Profiling Established the Awn as the Major Photosynthetic Organ of the Barley Spike While the Lemma and the Palea Primarily Protect the Seed

The photoenzymatic cycle of NADPH: protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase in primary bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris) during the first days of photoperiodic growth

Molecular mechanisms and ecological function of far‐red light signalling

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