Chlorophenols as Precursors of PCDD/Fs in Incineration Processes:  Correlations, PLS Modeling, and Reaction Mechanisms

Tuppurainen, Kari; Ruokojärvi, Päivi; Asikainen, Arja; Aatamila, and Marjaleena; Ruuskanen, Juhani

doi:10.1021/es991429x

Cited by 81 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…They concluded that polychlorinated dihydroxybiphenyls and ortho-phenoxyphenols were the key intermediates in the formation of PCDFs from chlorophenols. It should be emphasized, however, that the reaction pathway involving condensation of chlorophenols via dioxaspiro intermediates mainly leaded to the formation of PCDDs (Tuppurainen et al, 1998(Tuppurainen et al, , 2000, while PCDFs are probably involved other precursors such as polychlorinated biphenylethers (PCBEs) and polychlorinated phenylphenols (PCPPs). Qualitative analysis of some compounds was performed to further study the pathway of PCDD/Fs formation.…”

Section: Occurrence and Distribution Of Pcbs In The Process Of P-dcb mentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the process of production of 1,4-dichlorobenzene

et al. 2004

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The occurrence and distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a typical process of production of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) were investigated systematically in this study. P 5 CDFs and H 6 CDFs were the main congeners of PCDD/Fs, while only low levels of other PCDD/Fs were detected in the samples. The concentrations of PCBs were up to 4614 ng/g in the semi-manufactured products, and 1797 ng/g in the product p-DCB. It was also found that high chlorinated PCB congeners increased with the further chlorination. The levels of PCDD/Fs decreased obviously in the purification process, while PCBs could not be removed effectively. Polychlorophenols and other important dioxin precursors (1,4-dichloro-2-phenoxybenzene and 2-phenyl-2 0 ,5,5 0 -trichlorophenol) were also analyzed. Polychlorophenols which ortho-and parapositions of the hydroxyl were substituted by chlorine were the main congeners. In addition, a possible pathway of the formation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the production of p-DCB was presented. The results of this article suggest that re-estimation on the risk of using p-DCB products, especially the products for daily use such as mothballs, is expected.

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Section: Occurrence and Distribution Of Pcbs In The Process Of P-dcb mentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the process of production of 1,4-dichlorobenzene

et al. 2004

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“…Chlorophenols (ClPhs) are structurally closely related to PCDD/Fs and thought as important precursors for PCDD/Fs formation (Dickson and Karasek, 1987;Milligan and Altwicker, 1996). Some mechanisms of PCDD/Fs formation from ClPhs as precursors have been reported (Weber and Hagenmaier, 1999;Tuppurainen et al, 2000). Among the possible precursors for the formation of PCDD/Fs, it seems that PCP has the highest potential to generate PCDDs (Altwicker and Milligan, 1993;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of metal oxides on PCDD/Fs formation from pentachlorophenol

et al. 2005

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The total suppressing efficiencies of several metal oxides including CaO, BaO, PbO, Ag 2 O, HgO and SnO which have lower Z/r (charge to radius ratio) <2 are all over 90%. The theories of generalized acid-base and atomic parameter (Z/r) were used to speculate the effecting mechanisms. The factors including time and temperature on suppressing efficiencies of CaO, BaO and PbO have also been studied in the present paper. The results showed that the total suppressing efficiencies of CaO, BaO and PbO increase with the increase of heated time and temperature.

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“…2005.04.020 magnitude greater than PCDD/Fs in incinerator effluents and CPs concentrations were a factor of 5 larger than PCDD/Fs, although yields varied from incinerator to incinerator. In addition, PCDDs formation was strongly related to CPs concentration (Tuppurainen et al, 2000;Stanmore, 2002). Dickson et al (1992) found that PCDD/Fs formation from model precursor compound pentachlorophenol (PCP) was 72-99000 times greater than that from carbon via de novo mechanism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of PCDD/Fs formation from dioxin precursors by calcium oxide

et al. 2005

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Research aimed at understanding the inhibition effect of CaO on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) formation form dioxins precursors, such as chlorophenols (CPs) and chlorobenzenes (CBs). The results indicated that a clear dioxin inhibition effect occurred both in open and sealed system when CaO was used. In the open system, PCDDs were the main congeners and the inhibition efficiency was all over 99% in the experiments. In the experiments with CaO, less than 0.1% of the initial PCP was detected in the absorption tube and only about 1% of the initial PCP was examined as calcium pentachlorophenate in the reaction tube. In the sealed system, the inhibition efficiency was over 90% at temperature range between 280 and 450°C when PCP was used as model precursor. When HCB and 2,3,4,5-T 4 CP replaced PCP, significant inhibition effect was also observed. As CaO has the advantageous properties of non-toxicity and non-volatile nature, it is our hope that the result will contribute to the development of a new technique to cope with the problem of dioxin pollution in MWIs.

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Chlorophenols as Precursors of PCDD/Fs in Incineration Processes: Correlations, PLS Modeling, and Reaction Mechanisms

Cited by 81 publications

References 40 publications

Formation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the process of production of 1,4-dichlorobenzene

Formation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the process of production of 1,4-dichlorobenzene

Influence of metal oxides on PCDD/Fs formation from pentachlorophenol

Inhibition of PCDD/Fs formation from dioxin precursors by calcium oxide

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