Chloromycetin: Biological Studies

Smith, Robert; Joslyn, Dwight A.; Gruhzit, O. M.; McLean, Ian W.; Penner, Mildred A.; Ehrlich, John

doi:10.1128/jb.55.3.425-448.1948

Cited by 147 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…(1) Hobby (1942) , (2) Molitor (1946Molitor ( , 1949, Florey (1949) , (3) Waksman (1953), (4) Finlay(1951), Hobby(1951), P'an(1951), (5) Maeda(1957), (6) Smith (1948) , Gruhzit (1949) , (7) Scudi (1947) , (8,9,10,11,14,16,21) Nitta (2) One to 2N in Na and K, 2N in Cl and 4N in SO4 were the critical concentrations at which the solution could be innocuously added in 0.1 cc to cultures (1.9 cc).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the Effects of Actinomycetes Products on the Culture of Human Carcinoma Cells (Strain Hela) I. The Effect of Known Antibiotics Having No or Slight Tumor-Inhibitory Activity on Hela Cells

Nitta

1957

JJMSB

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the Effects of Actinomycetes Products on the Culture of Human Carcinoma Cells (Strain Hela) I. The Effect of Known Antibiotics Having No or Slight Tumor-Inhibitory Activity on Hela Cells

Nitta

1957

JJMSB

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“…of administration to mice, rats, dogs and rabbits resulted in much lower LD 50 values. Smith et al (1948) investigated the toxic effects of chloramphenicol (chemical form not specified) in mice treated with 360 and 1 290 mg/kg b.w. per day orally through feed for 14 days.…”

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Chloramphenicol in food and feed

2014

EFS2

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Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic not authorised for use in food-producing animals in the European Union (EU). However, being produced by soil bacteria, it may occur in plants. The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of chloramphenicol in food and feed and whether a reference point for action (RPA) of 0.3 µg/kg is adequate to protect public and animal health. Data on occurrence of chloramphenicol in food extracted from the national residue monitoring plan results and from the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) were too limited to carry out a reliable human dietary exposure assessment. Instead, human dietary exposure was calculated for a scenario in which chloramphenicol is present at 0.3 µg/kg in all foods of animal origin, foods containing enzyme preparations and foods which may be contaminated naturally. The mean chronic dietary exposure for this worst-case scenario would range from 11 to 17 and 2.2 to 4.0 ng/kg b.w. per day for toddlers and adults, respectively. The potential dietary exposure of livestock to chloramphenicol was estimated to be below 1 µg/kg b.w. per day. Chloramphenicol is implicated in the generation of aplastic anaemia in humans and causes reproductive/hepatotoxic effects in animals. Margins of exposure for these effects were calculated at 2.4 × 10 5 or greater and the CONTAM Panel concluded that it is unlikely that exposure to food contaminated with chloramphenicol at or below 0.3 µg/kg is a health concern for aplastic anaemia or reproductive/hepatotoxic effects. Chloramphenicol exhibits genotoxicity but, owing to the lack of data, the risk of carcinogenicity cannot be assessed. The SUMMARYChloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and, in the past, has been widely used to treat infections in both humans and animals. Chloramphenicol is not authorised for use in food-producing animals in the European Union (EU) but may be used in human medicine and in treatments for non-food-producing animals. Apart from its potential occurrence as a residue in food from illicit treatment of food-producing animals, chloramphenicol has also been used in feed and food enzyme products and may occur naturally in plants from its production by the soil bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae.The EFSA Scientific Opinion entitled "Guidance on methodological principles and scientific methods to be taken into account when establishing Reference Points for Action (RPAs) for non-allowed pharmacologically active substances present in food of animal origin" identified an approach for establishing RPAs for various categories of non-allowed pharmacologically active substances. However, the opinion also identified certain categories of non-allowed pharmacologically active substances that are considered to be outside the scope of the procedure, including substances causing blood dyscrasias (aplastic anaemia) such as chloramphenicol. As chloramphenicol is excluded fro...

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“…Accordingly the following outline evolved as a method for determining the potency of antibiotic agents. This method has already been described briefly (Joslyn and Galbraith, 1947;Smith et al, 1948); it is here presented in greater detail.…”

Section: Experimental Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%