Chlorogenic acid‐rich Solanum melongena extract has protective potential against rotenone‐induced neurotoxicity in PC‐12 cells

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases are major threats to human health. Here, through fluorescence, colorimetric, immunoblotting, spectroscopy, and laser scanning confocal microscopic techniques, we investigated the neuroprotective properties of chlorogenic acid‐rich Solanum melongena extracts (SM extract) in rotenone‐induced PC‐12 cell death. The results showed that rotenone caused apoptosis to PC‐12 cells by elevating Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio and increasing caspase‐3 activity. Rotenone also increased ROS in cells while suppressing SOD and catalase activities. This resulted in the depletion of ATP in cells by blocking mitochondria complex I activity. Pretreatment of the cells with SM extract at concentrations of 100, 250, and 500 μg/ml before incubation for 24 hr with rotenone significantly prevented apoptosis, decreased ROS, and increased ATP production in the cells. SM extract upregulated SOD and catalase activities in the cells. These results unveil evidence that SM extract content neuroprotective properties that can be exploited to prevent and treat neurodegenerative diseases. Practical applications Solanum melongena eggplant is a popular ingredient in many traditional recipes and is well known in Asia for its medicinal benefits. Despite numerous scientific reports of the potential health benefits of this plant, reports on its effects in neurodegenerative diseases is still lacking. This pilot study demonstrates that S. melongena eggplant can protect against neurotoxicity in neurodegenerative diseases. The results of this research serves as a base for further research on eggplant that will result in its usage on a larger scale as functional food materials.

A high‐quality genome assembly of the eggplant provides insights into the molecular basis of disease resistance and chlorogenic acid synthesis

“…The eggplant, exclusively native to the Old World, is an important vegetable worldwide especially in Africa and Southeast Asia (Zhuang et al, 2012), and have been listed by the Food and Agriculture Organization as the fourth largest vegetable crop, owing to their great nutritional and medicinal properties and is rich in proteins, minerals, and antioxidants, such as chlorogenic acid (CGA; 5‐ O ‐caffeoylquinic acid; Alarcon‐Flores et al, 2015). This dietary phenolic acid exhibits anti‐inflammatory, antimutagenic, and antiproliferative activities; however, the mechanism underlying CGA formation in the eggplant remains to be fully elucidated (Meinhart et al, 2019; Youn et al, 2019). In recent years, eggplant production is severely threatened by several soil‐borne diseases and is prone to insect damage (Magioli & Mansur, 2005; Vorontsova et al, 2013); therefore, numerous studies have aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of resistance in eggplant (Uribe et al, 2014; Yang et al, 2019).…”

Chlorogenic Acid Decreases Glutamate Release from Rat Cortical Nerve Terminals by P/Q-Type Ca2+ Channel Suppression: A Possible Neuroprotective Mechanism

“…CGA can cross the blood–brain barrier to protect the brain and reduce the incidence of various brain diseases, such as dementia, Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), depression, and ischemia [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Moreover, cellular studies have demonstrated the cytoprotective and neuroprotective effects of CGA [ 20 , 21 , 22 ].…”

A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomized, Longitudinal Study on the Effects of a Plant-based Dietary Supplement on Nitric Oxide and Mitochondrial Metabolic Activity

“…Specifically, catechins, which represents 36.8% of the material, are polyphenols that have been shown to have protective health benefits through reductions in ROS (Ruidavets et al, 2000;Xiangxin et al, 2002;Hofmann & Sonenshein, 2003;Ohga et al, 2009;Hazafa et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2019). Additionally, S7 has a high percentage of chlorogenic acids (26.2%), that have been shown to decrease ROS and increase ATP production in cells (Youn et al, 2019). These results converge with previous accounts from our lab and others demonstrating that catechins ((-)-epigallocatechin, -EGC‖, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, -EGCG‖) and chlorogenic acids may modify ROS generation (Manach et al, 2005;Nemzer et al, 2018).…”