Chlorine Oxides and Chlorine Oxygen Acids

Vogt, Helmut; Balej, J.; Bennett, John E.; Wintzer, Peter; Sheikh, Saeed Akbar; Gallone, P.; Vasudevan, Subramanyan; Pelin, Kalle

doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_483.pub2

Cited by 36 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 167 publications

(133 reference statements)

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“…• Potassium and sodium chlorate were not considered because their production involves special electrolysis cells, which are often located close to the place of consumption [44].…”

Section: Product Imentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of the chlorine value chain on the demand response potential of the chloralkali process

et al. 2020

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Renewable sources of energy supply an increasing share to the electricity mix although they show much more fluctuations than conventional energy sources. Hence, net stability and availability represent very large challenges. Demand response can positively contribute to the solution of this issue as large electricity consumers adapt their consumption to the available electricity. In the past, chloralkali electrolysis has been suggested as such a large consumer. Unfortunately, its main product, chlorine, cannot be easily stored in large amounts, so that downstream processes have to operate based on a fluctuating feed. This work reviews the processes within the chlorine value chain, determines the most promising ones for flexibilisation based on their chlorine consumption, and analyses these processes in more detail to assign them to one of four flexibility categories. It is shown that 45 % of the theoretical potential could be used for demand response right away. Highlights: • A novel approach to evaluate the flexibility of chemical processes is proposed. • The flexibility potential of the whole chlorine value chain is assessed. • The chlorine-consuming processes relevant for demand response are identified. • Subsequent processes limit demand response potential of chloralkali process. • The dichloroethane and the chloroacetic acid route have the highest potential.

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“…• Potassium and sodium chlorate were not considered because their production involves special electrolysis cells, which are often located close to the place of consumption [44].…”

Section: Product Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hypochlorous acid is unstable and should be used immediately after production [44]. Only solutions containing less than 1 % hypochlorous acid can be stored over a longer period [44].…”

Section: Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the chlorine value chain on the demand response potential of the chloralkali process

et al. 2020

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“…El material presentado en esta sección puede ser encontrado en la literatura científica (Vogt et al, 2010;In Bailar, 1953;Brockway, 1933;Pauling, 1988;Flesch et al, 2006;National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2018;Dobson y WHO, 2002;Swadle, 1997;ERCO worldwide, 2020).…”

Section: Dióxido De Cloro El (Ion) Clorito Clorito De Sodio Cloruro De Sodiounclassified

Sobre el uso del dióxido de cloro en ámbitos de la salud humana y la importancia del razonamiento crítico

Maldonado¹

2021

Jour. Bol. Cien.

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Desde hace algunos años, productos como el dióxido de cloro, clorito de sodio y suplemento mineral milagroso (o MMS por sus siglas en inglés), a pesar de no haber sido certificados como medicamentos, están siendo utilizados de manera alternativa por muchas personas para el tratamiento de diferentes enfermedades. Este uso se ha visto incrementado durante la actual crisis por la pandemia por COVID-19. En este documento, se proporciona una lista no exhaustiva de publicaciones científicas y advertencias oficiales respecto al uso potencialmente peligroso de estos productos en el área de la salud humana. Toda la información citada es bien conocida por profesionales de ramas afines a la bioquímica y farmacéutica, pero no siempre es accesible al público en general. Además, se proporcionan elementos de razonamiento crítico para ayudar a la población en general a procesar la evidencia científica disponible y así construir una opinión propia e independiente

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“…7 It is an ubiquitous chemical with large-scale applications including for water purification, the wood industry, and as a general sanitizer. 8,9 Sodium hypochlorite is commercially available either as a basic aqueous solution, or as a low-melting hydrated solidreported by Muspratt 10 in 1898 and subsequently established to be a pentahydrate (NaOCl•5H2O). 11 This readily prepared 12 hydrate has found application as an oxidant in organic synthesis, 13,14 and recently also in mechanochemistry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bleaching the Record: After 200 Years, Single Crystal X-Ray Crystallography Reveals the Structure and Hydrogen-Bonding Properties of Hypochlorite and Hypobromite Ions in the Solid State

Topić¹,

Marrett²,

Borchers³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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<div>We report the first single crystal structures of hypochlorite and hypobromite salts, including hydrated sodium hypochlorite - a ubiquitous bleaching and disinfection agent in use for almost 200 years. The structures represent the first characterization of fundamentally important hypochlorite and hypobromite anions in the solid state, by X-ray crystallography and are supported by Raman spectroscopy on individual crystals. The structural analysis provides insight into supramolecular chemistry of the hypohalite ions in the hydrated environment of the NaOCl<sup>.</sup>5H<sub>2</sub>O and NaOBr<sup>.</sup>5H<sub>2</sub>O solid salts, and reveals measured Cl-O and Br-O bond lengths of 1.69 A and 1.82 A, respectively, which are significantly longer than those for corresponding higher-valence oxoanions, and in agreement with the values spectroscopically determined for hypohalous acids and corresponding oxides in the gas phase.<br></div>

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Chlorine Oxides and Chlorine Oxygen Acids

Cited by 36 publications

References 167 publications

Impact of the chlorine value chain on the demand response potential of the chloralkali process

Impact of the chlorine value chain on the demand response potential of the chloralkali process

Sobre el uso del dióxido de cloro en ámbitos de la salud humana y la importancia del razonamiento crítico

Bleaching the Record: After 200 Years, Single Crystal X-Ray Crystallography Reveals the Structure and Hydrogen-Bonding Properties of Hypochlorite and Hypobromite Ions in the Solid State

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