Chlorine Dioxide Water Disinfection: A Praspective Epidemiology Study

Michael, George E.; Miday, Robert; Bercz, J. Peter; Miller, Gabrielle F.; Greathouse, Daniel G.; Kraemer, Dale F.; Lucas, James B.

doi:10.1080/00039896.1981.10667601

Cited by 50 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…C102 associated kinetics of red cell GSH depletion and intravascular hemolysis in rats and chickens was reported by Abdel-Rahman et al (6). More recently, Michael et al (11) of this laboratory published results of a prospective epidemiology study, showing the absence of clinicopathological effects in human volunteers to C102 treatment of their community water supply. In addition, the effects of C102 and metabolites, as they effect the cellular GSH system in the rat, mouse and chicken blood, were investigated by Couri et al (8) Oxidative in vitro damage to erythrocytes by NaCl02 was reported 48 BERCZ ET AL.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Subchronic Toxicity of Chlorine Dioxide and Related Compounds in Drinking Water in the Nonhuman Primate

Bercz¹,

Jones²,

Garner³

et al. 1982

Environmental Health Perspectives

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and Brogan & Partners are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Environmental Health Perspectives. Subchronic toxicities of C102, NaCIO2, NaCIO3 and NH2C1 were studied in the African Green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). The chemicals were administered in drinking water during 30-60 days subchronic rising dose protocols. The only unexpected and significant toxic effect was elicited by C102; this chemical inhibited thyroid metabolism in the animals at a dose of ca. 9.0 mg/kg/day. A statistically significant decrease of serum thyroxine occurred after the fourth week of exposure to 100 mg/l.concentration. The extent of thyroid suppression was dose dependent in each individual monkey, and was reversible after cessation of exposure. NaCIO2 and NaCIO3 failed to elicit similar effects in doses up to ca. 60 mg/kg/day. Also, NaCIO4 or NH2Cl did not cause T-4 suppression in doses of 10 mg/kg/day. The selective thyroid effect of C102 was unexplained and it appeared to be paradoxical since C1O2 was rapidly reduced by the oral and gastric secretions to nonoxidizing species (presumably Cl-). No evidence of thyroid effects were detected in the serum of human volunteers who ingested -1 mg/I. of C102 in drinking water as a result of routine use in the community water treatment process.Sodium chlorite induced dose-dependent oxidative stress on hematopoesis, causing decreased hemoglobin and red cell count and increased methemoglobin content. At the same time, serum transaminase (SGPT) levels showed significant subclinical elevation. The hematologic effects of NaClO2 rebounded during exposure indicating compensatory hemopoietic activity taking effect during oxidative stress. Sodium chlorate and chloramine did not induce detectable hematologic changes in the animals.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Frozen serum samples from 350 human volunteers of the prospective epidemiology study previously reported by Michael et al(11) were in our possession. Samples were selected on the basis of medical history of the volunteers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Subchronic Toxicity of Chlorine Dioxide and Related Compounds in Drinking Water in the Nonhuman Primate

Bercz¹,

Jones²,

Garner³

et al. 1982

Environmental Health Perspectives

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Frozen serum samples from 350 human volunteers of the prospective epidemiology study previously reported by Michael et al (11) were in our possession. Samples were selected on the basis of medical history of the volunteers.…”

Section: Thyroid Function Test On Human Seramentioning

confidence: 99%

Subchronic toxicity of chlorine dioxide and related compounds in drinking water in the nonhuman primate.

Bercz¹,

Jones²,

Garner³

et al. 1982

Environ Health Perspect

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Subchronic toxicities of C1O2, NaCIO2, NaCIO3 and NH2CI were studied in the African Green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). The chemicals were administered in drinking water during 30-60 days subchronic rising dose protocols. The only unexpected and significant toxic effect was elicited by C102; this chemical inhibited thyroid metabolism in the animals at a dose of ca. 9.0 mg/kg/day. A statistically significant decrease of serum thyroxine occurred after the fourth week of exposure to 100 mg/l.concentration. The extent of thyroid suppression was dose dependent in each individual monkey, and was reversible after cessation of exposure. NaCIO2 and NaCIO3 failed to elicit similar effects in doses up to ca. 60 mg/kg/day. Also, NaCIO4 or NH2CI did not cause TA suppression in doses of 10 mg/kg/day. The selective thyroid effect of C102 was unexplained and it appeared to be paradoxical since C102 was rapidly reduced by the oral and gastric secretions to nonoxidizing species (presumably Cl-). No evidence of thyroid effects were detected in the serum of human volunteers who ingested -1 mg/I. of C102 in drinking water as a result of routine use in the community water treatment process.Sodium chlorite induced dose-dependent oxidative stress on hematopoesis, causing decreased hemoglobin and red cell count and increased methemoglobin content. At the same time, serum transaminase (SGPT) levels showed significant subclinical elevation. The hematologic effects of NaCl02 rebounded during exposure indicating compensatory hemopoietic activity taking effect during oxidative stress. Sodium chlorate and chloramine did not induce detectable hematologic changes in the animals.

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“…Reported effects of NaClO 3 poisoning in humans include cyanosis, methemoglobinemia, renal failure, and renal congestion. Human epidemiology studies investigating doses of NaClO 3 more relevant to those found in drinking water have not identied any signi cant exposure related effects (27)(28)(29)(30)33). A prospective epidemiology study was conducted on 197 volunteers during a 12-week period when the primary water disinfectant in the community was changed from chlorine to ClO 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subchronic Sodium Chlorate Exposure in Drinking Water Results in a Concentration-Dependent Increase in Rat Thyroid Follicular Cell Hyperplasia

et al. 2001

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Chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) is an effective drinking water disinfectant, but sodium chlorate (NaClO 3 ) has been identi ed as a potentially harmful disinfection by-product . Studies were performed to describe the developmen t of thyroid lesions in animals exposed to NaClO 3 in the drinking water. Male and female F344 rats and B6C3F 1 mice were exposed to 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 g/L NaClO 3 for 21 days. Additional male F344 rats were exposed to 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, or 2.0 g/L NaClO 3 for 90 days. Female F344 rats were exposed to 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or 6.0 g/L of NaClO 3 for 105 days. Thyroid tissues were processed by routine methods for light microscopi c examination, and follicular cell hyperplasia was diagnosed using a novel method. Thyroid hormone levels were altered signi cantly after 4 and 21 days. NaClO 3 treatment induced a concentration-dependen t increase in the incidence and severity of thyroid follicular cell hyperplasia. Male rats are more sensitive to the effects of NaClO 3 treatment than females. Follicular cell hyperplasi a was not present in male or female B6C3F 1 mice. These data can be used to estimate the human health risk that would be associated with using ClO 2 , rather than chlorine, to disinfect drinking water.

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Chlorine Dioxide Water Disinfection: A Praspective Epidemiology Study

Cited by 50 publications

References 7 publications

Subchronic Toxicity of Chlorine Dioxide and Related Compounds in Drinking Water in the Nonhuman Primate

Subchronic Toxicity of Chlorine Dioxide and Related Compounds in Drinking Water in the Nonhuman Primate

Subchronic toxicity of chlorine dioxide and related compounds in drinking water in the nonhuman primate.

Subchronic Sodium Chlorate Exposure in Drinking Water Results in a Concentration-Dependent Increase in Rat Thyroid Follicular Cell Hyperplasia

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