Chlorinated paraffins in urban air in Nordic Countries

Abstract

Background 1.1 Selected compounds 1.2 Selected sampling sites 2. Methods 2.1 Sampling 2.2 Chemical Analysis 2.3 Limit of detection 2.4 Uncertainties 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Chlorinated paraf ins 4. Conclusions 5.

Legacy and Emerging Plasticizers and Stabilizers in PVC Floorings and Implications for Recycling

“…Over time, the dominant use of DEHP has been replaced by other ortho -phthalates (e.g., DiNP, DiDP) and alternative plasticizers (e.g., DEHT, DINCH, DEHA, and Octicizer), as demonstrated by the changing substances reported in this study and previous studies on PVC flooring (see Table S24 in the Supporting Information 1). − Meanwhile, some regional differences in this industrial transition, especially in alternative plasticizer use, can be observed. For example, the major emerging plasticizers identified in Switzerland in this study are DiDP, DiNP, DEHT, and Octicizer.…”

“…For example, the major emerging plasticizers identified in Switzerland in this study are DiDP, DiNP, DEHT, and Octicizer. However, a study in Norway that focused on phosphor plasticizers and flame retardants mainly found TBEP [tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, CASRN: 78-51-3] and TPhP (triphenyl phosphate, CASRN: 115-86-6) . A nontargeted study in the United States found DEHA, DEP, DBP, BBP, TXIB (2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentandiol diisobutyrate, CASRN: 6846-50-0), and ATBC (acetyltributyl citrate, CASRN: 77-90-7) .…”

“…However, a study in Norway that focused on phosphor plasticizers and flame retardants mainly found TBEP [tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, CASRN: 78-51-3] and TPhP (triphenyl phosphate, CASRN: 115-86-6). 52 A nontargeted study in the United States found DEHA, DEP, DBP, BBP, TXIB (2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentandiol diisobutyrate, CASRN: 6846-50-0), and ATBC (acetyltributyl citrate, CASRN: 77-90-7). 55 Note that these differences could also be due to different target substances, instrumentation, and/or extraction procedures.…”

“…PVC floorings have been identified as a key source of indoor chemical exposure to hazardous chemicals, especially to multiple ortho -phthalates and are an important source of recycled material. − Despite that, only limited information on the chemical compositions of PVC floorings is publicly available: (1) the SCIP database contains 51 relevant entries (Sheet S11 in the Supporting Information 2), and (2) the few conducted studies have typically had a small sample size and tested a limited number of chemicals. ,− To our knowledge, only one recent study measured many PVC flooring samples, which were from the United States market, using a nontargeted screening approach . Furthermore, various studies focused on other PVC products or indoor dust, which may allow for inferences on the possible chemical content of PVC floorings, but with significant uncertainties. − Plasticizer handbooks suggest large variations across PVC flooring products from different times and regions, as well as across different PVC products. ,− Furthermore, dust samples may also contain plasticizers from other products in the indoor environment.…”