Chlorinated Organic Contaminants in Water and Suspended Sediments of the Lower Niagara River

Kuntz, K.W.; Warry, N. D.

doi:10.1016/s0380-1330(83)71893-9

Cited by 37 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Great Canadian lakes of the Niagara and Saginaw rivers had elevated levels of PCBs in water of ranges 0.05–19.30 ng L −1 and 10.00–46.00 ng L −1 , respectively (Kuntz and Warry, 1983; Verbrugge et al, 1995). Smit et al (1987) and Bremle et al (1995) detected moderately high levels of PCBs in River Krupa, Yugoslavia, and River Eman in Sweden with a concentration of 1.00–52.00 ng L −1 and 0.40–20.80 ng L −1 , respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in River Niger, Nigeria: Occurrence, distribution and composition profiles

2017

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Contamination of rivers with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is an issue of current global concern. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are POPs with origin from commercial, incineration and industrial sources. Hence, there is a need for monitoring their occurrence and distribution in the environment. This study assessed the occurrence, distribution and composition profiles of PCBs in River Niger, Nigeria. Surface and bottom water samples were collected in consecutive quarters for a period of 2 years, covering the beginning and end of the rainy seasons and the dry seasons, from five locations (Gurara, Lokoja, Onitsha, Brass and Nicolas) along River Niger. A total of 240 water samples were collected using a Van Dorn water sampler. EPA method 3510c was used with slight modifications for sample preparation and analysis. The PCBs were analysed using a Hewlett Packard GC 5890 Series 11 with electron capture detection, and confirmation was made using a Shimadzu GCMS QP2010. The higher molecular weight marker PCBs (∑CB 138, 153 and 180) were more dominant than the lighter homologues (∑CB 28, 52 and 101), while commercial sources Co-PCBs (80.8 ± 61.7 to 288.3 ± 102.0 ng L) were more dominant than the incineration sources (34.9 ± 3.82 to 75.5 ± 65.2 ng L). The POPs load in River Niger water varied in both time and space. In surface water of the River Niger, ∑PCBs were higher during the rainy season, as a result of storm run-off from land-based sources. In the Brass and Nicolas Rivers during the dry season, the ∑PCBs were higher during low tide. There was no noticeable pattern during the rainy season. It may be concluded from this study that the water of River Niger is not good for human consumption or abstraction of water from the river for drinking water treatment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in River Niger, Nigeria: Occurrence, distribution and composition profiles

2017

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“…As a result of the observed association of contaminants with fine-grained sediment, several field studies have attempted to determine which water-column or sediment component carries the largest contaminant load. Kuntz and Warry (1983) analyzed suspended sediment and water-column samples for 19 organochlorine compounds on a weekly basis for 3 years. They found that although concentrations in suspended sediment ( > 5 #Lm) were typically higher than water-column concentrations, the suspended sediment was responsible for only about 40 percent of the total contaminant load.…”

Section: Field Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of surface-water sediment fractions and their interactions with persistent manmade organic compounds

Witkowski¹,

Smith²,

Fusillo³

et al. 1987

Circular

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IV GLOSSARY Activity. A dimensionless quantity expressing the escaping tendency of a component in a system relative to that in a pure state of the same component at the same temperature and total pressure. It is the ratio of the partial pressures (or more precisely, the fugacities) of the dissolved component in the system to that of the component at standard state. Activity coefficient. A dimensionless quantity that corrects for the deviation of the partial pressure (or fugacity) of a component in solution from that value defined by Raoult's law. If the observed partial pressure is greater than that predicted by Raoult's law, the activity coefficient is greater than one; conversely, if the observed partial pressure is less than that predicted by Raoult's law, the activity coefficient is less than one. Most organic solutes in water show positive deviation from ideality, that is, the activity coefficient is greater than one. This term provides an approximation of how much interaction exists between molecules at higher concentrations. • Adsorption. The interphase accumulation or concentration of substances at a surface or interface. The process can occur at an interface between any two phases, such as liquid-liquid, gas-liquid, gas-solid, or liquid-solid interfaces. The material being concentrated or adsorbed is the adsorbate, and the adsorbing phase is termed the adsorbent. Anthropogenic compounds. Compounds that are produced as a result of the activities of humans as contrasted with compounds formed by the actions of natural forces and events. Bedload. Sediment that is transported in a stream by rolling, sliding, or skipping along the bed and very close to it, that is, within the bedlayer. Bedload layer. A thin layer through which the bedload discharges, commonly assumed to be only a few grain diameters thick. Bioturbation. Mixing processes in sediment layer caused by the activity of biological organisms. Coagulation. A process where charge neutralization of discrete colloids occurs through interactions with available counterions. Colloids. Operationally defined as discrete particles with at least one characteristic dimension in the micrometer to nanometer range. Diagenesis. The gradual and successive chemical and physical changes that take place in sediment previous to or during its consolidation. Dissolved. Operationally defined as discrete particles less than 0.45 ~m in their maximum dimension. Flocculation. Aggregation of neutral discrete colloids into larger masses by the mixing action of water. Fulvic acids. The fraction of organic matter that remains dissolved in solution after sequential extraction of the sample with alkali and then acid. Humic acids. The fraction of organic matter that remains dissolved in solution after extraction with alkali but that precipitates from solution upon further extraction with acid. Humins. The fraction of organic matter that is not soluble in either alkali or acid. Lipophilic. The characteristic of solutes or solvents that are readily miscible in other organic solvents such...

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“…Statistical analysis for water quality data had been done by many researchers in the literature (for examples, El-Shaarawi et al 1983;Kaiser et al 1983;Kuntz and Warry 1983;Suns et al 1983;Thomas 1983;Gilliom and Helsel 1986;ElShaarawi 1989;El-Shaarawi and Dolan 1989). But the toxic contaminants involved were in water samples and not in fish.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling temporal and spatial changes of PCBs in fish tissue from Lake Huron

El‐Shaarawi

Backus

Zhu

et al. 2010

Environ Monit Assess

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A model has been developed to assess temporal and spatial changes in the concentration of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contaminant in whole fish from Lake Huron during the years 1980 to 2004. The model uses log PCB concentration as the response variable and includes time trend, within-lake variability and dependence on age, weight and length as explanatory variables. A preliminary examination of the data revealed that some values are recorded as below detection limits (thus leading to the left censoring), and the PCB concentration appears to show declines in latter years. To this end, parametric log-location-scale regression models used in survival analysis were employed. It has been found that the Weibull model yields a better fit than the log-logistic or the log-normal models. The analysis provides strong evidence that, starting in 1996, the level of PCB concentration showed steady decline, which is most contributed by the Canadian and US governments' actions carried out earlier to reduce the load of toxic contaminants to the Great Lakes. Spatially, fish from the north of the lake is less contaminated than fish from the south. The pattern and magnitude of the estimated spatial and temporal trends can provide useful information regarding the safety of fish consumption, the setting of regularity limits, the identifiability of PCB sources and the effects of remedial actions in the future. In addition, the developed model is not restricted to the current application but could be used for the analysis of other contaminants.

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Chlorinated Organic Contaminants in Water and Suspended Sediments of the Lower Niagara River

Cited by 37 publications

References 6 publications

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in River Niger, Nigeria: Occurrence, distribution and composition profiles

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in River Niger, Nigeria: Occurrence, distribution and composition profiles

A review of surface-water sediment fractions and their interactions with persistent manmade organic compounds

Modelling temporal and spatial changes of PCBs in fish tissue from Lake Huron

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