Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the Sargasso Sea Atmosphere and Surface Water

Bidleman, Terry F.; Olney, C. E.

doi:10.1126/science.183.4124.516

Cited by 233 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Once emitted, PAHs can redistribute between the gas and particle phases and transfer from the atmosphere and deposit onto the earth's surface (Wang et al, 2011). The atmospheric input of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) to the aquatic environment has been investigated since the early 1970s (Bidleman and Olney, 1974). During the past several decades, numerous studies have been undertaken to determine the level of PAHs phase transfer between atmospheric and aquatic compartments around the world (Dickhut and Gustafson, 1995a;Duce et al, 1991;Hoff et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to a coastal site of Hong Kong, South China

Liu

Yue

Liu

et al. 2013

Atmospheric Environment

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to a coastal site of Hong Kong, South China

Liu

Yue

Liu

et al. 2013

Atmospheric Environment

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“…The concentration factors for all organochlorine compounds in sur- (Table 8). These extremely high factors are due to the lipophilic properties of organochlorines and are believed to be either a direct result of atmospheric 'fall-out' on the ocean surface and/or from subsurface biological origin, though the relative contribution of each pathway is presently unknown (Bidleman & Olney 1974, Larsson et al 1974. Feeding sahools of fish and whales could produce a surface slick by rupturing oily zooplankton, chiefly copepods, during consumption, with the wax esters escaping to the surface.…”

Section: Surface Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organochlorine dynamics between zooplankton and their environment, a reassessment

Harding¹

1986

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The level of organochlorine contamination in estuarine, coastal or oceanic waters and various depth strata, including surface films, is important in predicting bioaccumulation in zooplankton. Present and past levels of contamination in seawater are briefly reviewed and summarized. Most of the evidence indcates that little organochlorine is truly dissolved in seawater: most molecules are sorbed onto particulate material or sequestered into rnicellar structures. A first-order l n e t i c model is adequate to describe the accumulation of organochlorines by zooplankton from seawater because current laboratory techniques are not refined enough to disbnguish pathways within the organism. The chemical nature of the compounds, such as chlorine content, influences the time taken to reach an equilibrium level in an organism and the bioaccumulation at equilibrium. Size of organism, and temperature and salinity of the environment affect organochlorine uptake rates; this is believed to be related to the weight-specific surface area of the zooplankter exposed per unit time. The lipid content influences the carrying capacity of the zooplankter or its bloconcentration factor from seawater The same kinetic model can be expanded to include organochlorines asslmllated through feeding on contaminated food. Experimental studies have shown that 'field' levels of contamination in zooplankton can be reached in the lab within days by accumulation from food. The transfer of organochlorines from generation to generation in the lipid-nch eggs of zooplankters is discussed and explored with the l n e t i c model. Juvenile stages are prehcted to contain the highest organochlorine levels after yolk absorption and therefore should expenence the greatest n~ortality. Finally, it is concluded, from consideration of present levels of contamination, that the water column is the present and probably ultimate repository of most organochlorine compounds in the marine environment and that zooplankton play a major role in distributing organochlorines from atmospheric 'fallout' throughout the ocean depths.

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“…PCBs to the open ocean has been recognized (Harvey and Steinhauer, 1974;Bidleman and Olney, 1974;Atlas and Giam, 1981;Tanabe et al, 1982).…”

Section: Polychlorinated Biphenyls As Model Hocmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of colloidal organic matter in the marine geochemistry of PCBs

Brownawell¹

1986

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WITHDRAWN AD -sT~i~Bñ~c i~tZ4-2-ABSTRACT Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were used as model hydrophobic organic compounds (HOC) to study physical-chemical processes which affect the speciation and fate of HOC in coastal environments. The focus of this study is on the sorption of PCBs with colloidal organic matter in seawater, and the influence of this process on the distribution of PCBs in coastal sediments. Laboratory and field experiments were used to make quantitative estimates of PCB-organic matter sorption, and to test predictions of three-phase equilibrium models.A static headspace partitioning method was developed to measure the sorption of several individual chlorobiphenyls with colloidal organic matter enriched from coastal seawater by hollow fiber ultrafiltration. This technique directly measured the dissolved phase fugacity of PCBs in experimental bottles, and avoided uncertain separation techniques often used in isolating various chemical phases. Colloidal organic carbon normalized partition coefficients (Koc) were determined from linear sorption isotherms, and increased from 1.9 x 10' (L/Kg) for 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl to 3.5 x 10 s for 2,2',3,4,5'-pentachlorobiphenyl. Sorption tended to increase with increasing octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow) of the sorbate, and values of Koc were within a range of those reported in other experimental sorption studies with sediments and dissolved humic substances. Experimental partitioning results support the hypothesis that HOC-organic colloid sorption is similar to HOC sorption by sediment organic matter.PCBs were measured in the interstitial waters and sediments of three box cores obtained from New Bedford Harbor and Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. The three sites studied had a wide range of sediment PCB concentrations, and reducing conditions provided environments containing high concentrations of colloidal organic matter. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total sediment organic carbon (TOC) were measured in two cores to test the role of organic matter on the observed partitioning of PCBs. PCB concentrations, particularly those of less soluble chlorobiphenyls, were highly elevated in interstitial waters compared to water column concentrations at all three sites. The measured apparent distribution coefficients (K'd) of individual chlorobiphenyls did not increase with hydrophobicity (Kow) and indicate that a large fraction of PCBs in interstitial waters must be sorbed to organic colloids. A three-phase equilibrium sorption model, in which dissolved PCBs are in a dynamic equilibrium with colloidal and sediment organic matter, accounts for many aspects of the field data. There is good agreement of observed partitioning at New Bedford Station 67 and Buzzards Bay Station M with model calculations based on predictions derived from laboratory experiments of HOC sorption with sediments and organic colloids, but model calculations underpredict K'd at Station 84 in New Bedford Harbor.-3-The sediment-interstitial water results were contrasted with a study of PCB pa...

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Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the Sargasso Sea Atmosphere and Surface Water

Cited by 233 publications

References 13 publications

Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to a coastal site of Hong Kong, South China

Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to a coastal site of Hong Kong, South China

Organochlorine dynamics between zooplankton and their environment, a reassessment

The role of colloidal organic matter in the marine geochemistry of PCBs

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