Chlorinated hydrocarbons in plankton from the Gulf of Mexico and Northern Caribbean

Giam, C. S.; Wong, Minghung; Hanks, Alan R; Sackett, William M.; Richardson, Ra'sheedah

doi:10.1007/bf01685090

Cited by 24 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Moreover, with this procedure it was possible to determine the ubiquitous polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) and DDT's (p,p'-DDT and p,p '-DDE) along with the phthalates. These chlorinated hydrocarbon pollutants are known to be present in almost all environmental samples (6); the data on the chlorinated hydrocarbons are given with those for the phthalates for purposes of comparison (Table 1). Typical background values for PCB's and DDT's are <1 ng and <1 pg, respectively.…”

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confidence: 99%

Phthalate Ester Plasticizers: A New Class of Marine Pollutant

Giam¹,

CHAN²,

NEFF³

et al. 1978

Science

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Phthalate ester plasticizers have been detected in the open-ocean environment. Samples consisting of water, sediment, air, and biota from the Gulf of Mexico and of water and air from the North Atlantic were analyzed and found to contain two phthalate esters, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-dibutyl phthalate (DBP): the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) and DDT's (p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE) were also determined. Like the ubiquitous PCB's and DDT's, the phthalate plasticizers were found in almost all samples analyzed; DEHP was present at higher concentrations than the PCB's or DDT's in water and sediment. The environmental impact of the concentrations found in these studies, coupled with the continued high production and wise use of these plasticizers, requires assessment.

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Phthalate Ester Plasticizers: A New Class of Marine Pollutant

Giam¹,

CHAN²,

NEFF³

et al. 1978

Science

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“…Our previous studies in the Gulf of Mexico have shown that chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDTs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) were present in virtually all biota samples in the parts per billion (ppb) range (11)(12)(13)(14). Thus, any procedure to analyze the phthalate esters by EC should include a separation scheme for the ubiquitous chlorinated hydrocarbons.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The elution pattern for DBP as well as DEHP on the 3% deactivated Florisil was then determined. In previous studies (10)(11)(12)(13)(14), 200 ml of 6% ethyl ether in petroleum ether was used to elute DDT and PCBs from 35-g Florisil columns; this solvent mixture was also found to be a good choice for removal of these compounds from the 3% deactivated Florisil columns. DEHP can then be eluted with 15% ethyl ether in petroleum ether (200 ml) and DBP by 200 ml of 20% ether solution.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DBP was not present or was present at less than the detection limit of 1 ppb; dimethyl and diethyl phthalates were also not detected. Since our previous studies showed that PCBs were present at a level of approximately 40 ppb and DDTs averaged 10 ppb (11)(12)(13)(14), the necessity of precautions to avoid contamination and to separate various classes of compounds has been demonstrated for the low-level analysis of the phthalates.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They have since been applied to the determination of acyl phosphates (4), esters (5, 6), amides (7), reducing sugars (8), lactones (9, 10), and acid chlorides and anhydrides (11). The hydroxylamine reaction-ferric iron complexation has also been applied to the determination of penicillins (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). Both manual and automated procedures have been used for several years to determine penicillin content in process samples and formulations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sensitive method for determination of phthalate ester plasticizers in open-ocean biota samples

Giam¹,

Chan²,

Neff³

1975

Anal. Chem.

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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONSmore efficient random number generation methods (12) could lead to a further reduction in the required computer time of 50% or so. APPENDIXThe flow chart of the Monte Carlo program, Figure 4, outlines the basic steps involved in the calculation of the primary, secondary, and tertiary intensities of a ternary alloy. The pertinent equations and derivations may be found in the appendix of Reference 1.The Monte Carlo program previously developed for discrete energy photon excitation (1) has been adapted to account for the continuous energy photon excitation required when treating a conventional X-ray tube. The results of the Monte Carlo calculations agree quite well with values calculated numerically ( 4 , 5) that have been experimentally verified. We have obtained an estimate through private communication (11 ) that the computer time now required for the analytical method for the case when it can be used is probably a factor of from four to 40 times less than that for the present Monte Carlo model. However, it should be reiterated that it is not suggested that the Monte Carlo model compete directly with the analytical method. Rather it should be used in those situations where the analytical method either cannot be applied or for those applications where the analytical method requires more calculation time. This should include applications for thin samples, for cases in which diverging incidence or exit beams exist, or for layered samples. In general, it is applicable when the geometry of the system is complex.The Monte Carlo program requires only about 45 seconds on an IBM 370/165 computer to calculate sufficient histories (7000) to yield a standard deviation of 1.5% or less for ternary samples. This indicates that the model will be very useful to the analyst. We have already begun investigations of the use of the model directly in the inverse calculation of elemental amounts from experimental X-ray intensities on radioisotope-source, energy-dispersive systems.We estimate that optimization of the program by choosing LITERATURE CITED

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Effects ofDDTin Surface Water on Bird Abundance and Reproduction—A History

Edwards¹

2004

Water Encyclopedia

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Chlorinated hydrocarbons in plankton from the Gulf of Mexico and Northern Caribbean

Cited by 24 publications

References 13 publications

Phthalate Ester Plasticizers: A New Class of Marine Pollutant

Phthalate Ester Plasticizers: A New Class of Marine Pollutant

Sensitive method for determination of phthalate ester plasticizers in open-ocean biota samples

Effects ofDDTin Surface Water on Bird Abundance and Reproduction—A History

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