Chlorinated Benzenes and Other Nucleus‐Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Beck, Uwe; Löser, E.

doi:10.1002/14356007.o06_o03

Cited by 16 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…The chlorination is exothermic [68]. The product is generally a mixture of isomers and compounds with varying degrees of chlorination [36].…”

Section: Chlorobenzenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Process description Figure 9 describes the continuous process. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a catalyst, most commonly iron(III) chloride, at moderate temperature and atmospheric pressure [36]. The influence on the composition of the product is limited [68].…”

Section: Chlorobenzenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The influence on the composition of the product is limited [68]. Important factors are reactor temperature, the catalyst, and particularly the ratio of chlorine to benzene at the beginning of the reaction [36]. However, not only the temperature at the beginning affects the composition, but also the temperature profiles during the reaction.…”

Section: Chlorobenzenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of the chlorine value chain on the demand response potential of the chloralkali process

et al. 2020

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Renewable sources of energy supply an increasing share to the electricity mix although they show much more fluctuations than conventional energy sources. Hence, net stability and availability represent very large challenges. Demand response can positively contribute to the solution of this issue as large electricity consumers adapt their consumption to the available electricity. In the past, chloralkali electrolysis has been suggested as such a large consumer. Unfortunately, its main product, chlorine, cannot be easily stored in large amounts, so that downstream processes have to operate based on a fluctuating feed. This work reviews the processes within the chlorine value chain, determines the most promising ones for flexibilisation based on their chlorine consumption, and analyses these processes in more detail to assign them to one of four flexibility categories. It is shown that 45 % of the theoretical potential could be used for demand response right away. Highlights: • A novel approach to evaluate the flexibility of chemical processes is proposed. • The flexibility potential of the whole chlorine value chain is assessed. • The chlorine-consuming processes relevant for demand response are identified. • Subsequent processes limit demand response potential of chloralkali process. • The dichloroethane and the chloroacetic acid route have the highest potential.

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“…The chlorination is exothermic [68]. The product is generally a mixture of isomers and compounds with varying degrees of chlorination [36].…”

Section: Chlorobenzenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chlorobenzenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chlorobenzenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of the chlorine value chain on the demand response potential of the chloralkali process

et al. 2020

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“…Volatilization of deposited materials (see e.g., [ 56 , 136 ]), the most persistent input to air pollution, does not appear as releases from discernible sources. The volatilizations contribute to the “inert” and “stable” sources (see Table 2 and Table 3 )—probably as remnants of their presently reduced, but constant, release from wastewater, sediment, and lake surfaces.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

UNMIX Methods Applied to Characterize Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds in Toronto, Ontario

Porada

Szyszkowicz

2016

Toxics

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UNMIX, a sensor modeling routine from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), was used to model volatile organic compound (VOC) receptors in four urban sites in Toronto, Ontario. VOC ambient concentration data acquired in 2000–2009 for 175 VOC species in four air quality monitoring stations were analyzed. UNMIX, by performing multiple modeling attempts upon varying VOC menus—while rejecting the results that were not reliable—allowed for discriminating sources by their most consistent chemical characteristics. The method assessed occurrences of VOCs in sources typical of the urban environment (traffic, evaporative emissions of fuels, banks of fugitive inert gases), industrial point sources (plastic-, polymer-, and metalworking manufactures), and in secondary sources (releases from water, sediments, and contaminated urban soil). The remote sensing and robust modeling used here produces chemical profiles of putative VOC sources that, if combined with known environmental fates of VOCs, can be used to assign physical sources’ shares of VOCs emissions into the atmosphere. This in turn provides a means of assessing the impact of environmental policies on one hand, and industrial activities on the other hand, on VOC air pollution.

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“…Chlorinated organic compounds are ubiquitously present in chemical synthesis, such as natural product synthesis, catalysis and material science The robustness and electronic properties of the C–Cl bond enables the use of the halogenated compounds as pharmacophores and crop protection agents . Simple chlorinated arenes are produced in ton scales via chlorination by gaseous chlorine under harsh conditions, requiring elaborated safety conditions . In contrast, stoichiometric amounts of strong oxidants in combination with diverse chloride sources or preformed “Cl + ”‐species (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative Photochlorination of Electron‐Rich Arenes via in situ Bromination

Düsel

König

2019

Eur J Org Chem

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Electron‐rich arenes are oxidatively photochlorinated in the presence of catalytic amounts of bromide ions, visible light, and 4CzIPN as organic photoredox catalyst. The substrates are brominated in situ in a first photoredox‐catalyzed oxidation step, followed by a photocatalyzed ipso‐chlorination, yielding the target compounds in high ortho/para regioselectivity. Dioxygen serves as a green and convenient terminal oxidant. The use of aqueous hydrochloric acid as the chloride source reduces the amount of saline by‐products.

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Chlorinated Benzenes and Other Nucleus‐Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Abstract: The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Chlorinated Benzenes … Show more

Cited by 16 publications

References 108 publications

Impact of the chlorine value chain on the demand response potential of the chloralkali process

Impact of the chlorine value chain on the demand response potential of the chloralkali process

UNMIX Methods Applied to Characterize Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds in Toronto, Ontario

Oxidative Photochlorination of Electron‐Rich Arenes via in situ Bromination

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