Chloride ion penetration into oxide films on aluminum

Atanasoska, Lj.; Dražić, D.M.; Despić, A.R.; Zalar, A.

doi:10.1016/0368-1874(85)85451-4

Cited by 36 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Second, the Cl – anions intercalate in graphite during charging. The severe corrosion of the Al anode may also be attributed to the attack from Cl – anions. , The subsequently released Cl – anions during discharge may react with Al to form AlCl 3 . An evidence of this could be gathered from the comparison of the UV–visible spectra of the pristine electrolyte and harvested electrolyte after the 50th discharge cycle.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realizing a Low-Cost and Sustainable Rechargeable Aqueous Aluminum-Metal Battery with Exfoliated Graphite Cathode

Nandi

Das

2019

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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A rechargeable battery with earth-abundant and low-cost aluminum (Al) metal as one of the electrodes holds immense promise as a sustainable and affordable energy storage device. The high gravimetric/volumetric storage capacities (2981 mAh g −1 /8056 mAh cm −3 ) of Al along with the ability to exchange three electrons per cation are certainly advantageous for achieving batteries capable of delivering high energy and power densities. A recent yet exemplary example is the chloroaluminate electrolyte-based Al-metal battery with a carbonaceous cathode. However, chloroaluminate electrolytes are highly reactive to most of the metals and stainless steel, moisture sensitive, and expensive. These demerits of chloroaluminate electrolytes will certainly be impediments for mass-scale production of safe and low-cost Al-metal batteries. The use of water-based electrolyte in rechargeable Al-metal batteries is expected to mitigate these challenges. Herein, we report the working of a rechargeable aqueous Al-metal battery with electrochemically pretreated Al and graphite as electrodes. The electrochemical pretreatment process resulted in exfoliation of graphite electrode, which is termed as graphite foam. The discharge capacities for the initial and 50th cycles are 213 and 88 mAh g −1 , respectively, at a current density of 0.5 A g −1 . It is also found that the lifespan of the investigated Al-graphite cell is limited by the dissolution of the Al electrode during consecutive charge/discharge processes. But, the immense promise of long-term sustainability of the system is shown by mechanical recharge of the Al electrode. The uniqueness of the illustrated Al-graphite battery is that it takes the advantage of extremely low-cost resources and could be easily assembled at ambient atmosphere.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realizing a Low-Cost and Sustainable Rechargeable Aqueous Aluminum-Metal Battery with Exfoliated Graphite Cathode

Nandi

Das

2019

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…The reactions may occur first at the defect sites on the pristine surface of the Al foil (Supplementary Fig. S1), where the positively charged hydrated oxide surface is easily attacked by Cl − ions1213141516. As the contacting time increases, the corrosion below the oxide film at those sites propagates12 and more new sites start pitting.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, the pitting corrosion of Al in an aqueous solution with Cl − follows three steps: adsorption of Cl − on the oxide surface, penetration of Cl − through the oxide film via oxygen vacancies, and localized dissolution of Al below the oxide film to release hydrogen gas1213141516. This pitting corrosion, known as an undesired reaction destroying Al and Al alloys, makes it possible to use Al as a reducing agent in wet-chemical synthesis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Activation of Aluminum as an Effective Reducing Agent by Pitting Corrosion for Wet-chemical Synthesis

Cochell

Manthiram

2013

Sci Rep

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Metallic aluminum (Al) is of interest as a reducing agent because of its low standard reduction potential. However, its surface is invariably covered with a dense aluminum oxide film, which prevents its effective use as a reducing agent in wet-chemical synthesis. Pitting corrosion, known as an undesired reaction destroying Al and is enhanced by anions such as F−, Cl−, and Br− in aqueous solutions, is applied here for the first time to activate Al as a reducing agent for wet-chemical synthesis of a diverse array of metals and alloys. Specifically, we demonstrate the synthesis of highly dispersed palladium nanoparticles on carbon black with stabilizers and the intermetallic Cu2Sb/C, which are promising candidates, respectively, for fuel cell catalysts and lithium-ion battery anodes. Atomic hydrogen, an intermediate during the pitting corrosion of Al in protonic solvents (e.g., water and ethylene glycol), is validated as the actual reducing agent.

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“…This can be observed from the deconvoluted Al 2p spectrum (Figure 5b), where peaks from the organo‐aluminum interaction are observed at ≈79.2 eV. [ 63,64 ] Similarly, the deconvoluted Zn 2p peaks in Figure 5c show the formation of a new peak at 1021.2 eV, corresponding to the Zn(0) metal in Zn‐PTCD. A significant amount of electrochemically active ZnO can be irreversibly converted into the Zn metal during the sodiation process.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Nanoengineered Organic Electrodes for Highly Durable and Ultrafast Cycling of Organic Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Thangavel

Moorthy

Ganesan

et al. 2020

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applied in commercial electric and hybrid electric vehicles. However, the increasing market demand for rechargeable LIBs has increased the concerns regarding the economic sustainability of the LIB technology owing to uneven geographical distribution and relatively low amount of available lithium resources. [1-3] Thus, battery technologies based on abundant and inexpensive resources shall be an important option for large-scale energy storage devices. In this context, sodium-ion battery (SIB) technologies have emerged as a promising and low-cost alternative to LIBs. An intercalation-based chemical mechanism, similar to that of their LIB counterparts, wide sodium resource availability, and excellent electrochemical performance make SIBs an attractive candidate technology for large-scale storage devices. A variety of electrode materials such as layered oxides, polyanions, and fluorophosphates were successfully studied as cathodes for SIBs. [4,5] Although graphite does not offer a favorable Na + intercalation chemistry, several metal sulfides, metals, phosphides, alloys, and hard carbon were investigated as anodes for SIBs. [6-8] The limited capacity of metal oxides, poor cycle life, high cost of hard carbon, and large volume expansion of alloy/metal type anodes limit their practical application. [9,10] Transferring the experience gained from current LIBs to SIBs may lead to the rapid commercialization of the SIB technology. The most studied electrode materials in both LIBs and SIBs are based on transition metal-based chemistries using metal elements that are generally nonrenewable resources. Furthermore, the highly toxic nature of transition metals and high energy consumption involved in metal mining must be addressed to increase the sustainability and environment friendliness of energy storage devices. [11-13] Organic materials are promising candidates for further advancing the sustainability and ecofriendliness of energy storage devices. Organic electrode materials offer many advantages because they mostly consist of light elements such as C, H, O, N, and S. First, organic electrode materials are directly available from natural resources or can be prepared from natural derivatives. [14,15] Organic electrodes have good structural flexibility and wide chemical diversity; further, they can provide a high specific capacity and high voltage at low Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have become increasingly important as next-generation energy storage systems for application in large-scale energy storage. It is very crucial to develop an eco-friendly and green SIB technique with superior performance for sustainable future use. Replacing the conventional inorganic electrode materials with green and safe organic electrodes will be a promising approach. However, the poor electrochemical kinetics, unstable electrode-electrolyte interface, high solubility of the electrodes in the electrolyte, and large amount of conductive carbon present great challenges for organic SIBs. In this study, the issues of organic electrodes are addressed ...

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Chloride ion penetration into oxide films on aluminum

Cited by 36 publications

References 20 publications

Realizing a Low-Cost and Sustainable Rechargeable Aqueous Aluminum-Metal Battery with Exfoliated Graphite Cathode

Realizing a Low-Cost and Sustainable Rechargeable Aqueous Aluminum-Metal Battery with Exfoliated Graphite Cathode

Activation of Aluminum as an Effective Reducing Agent by Pitting Corrosion for Wet-chemical Synthesis

Nanoengineered Organic Electrodes for Highly Durable and Ultrafast Cycling of Organic Sodium‐Ion Batteries

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