Chloride in Lead Chloride-Derived Organo-Metal Halides for Perovskite-Absorber Solar Cells

Unger, Eva; Bowring, Andrea R.; Tassone, Christopher J.; Pool, Vanessa L.; Gold‐Parker, Aryeh; Cheacharoen, Rongrong; Stone, Kevin H.; Hoke, Eric T.; Toney, Michael F.; McGehee, Michael D.

doi:10.1021/cm503828b

Cited by 264 publications

(352 citation statements)

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“…Figure 2d). [27,30,68] This, in turn, changes the kinetics of the reactions leading to the formation of more uniform films. In the case of two-step deposition methods, chloride promotes the dissolution of the crystalline precursor possibly by forming thermodynamically favored intermediates, which has an impact on the conversion mechanism and resulting film morphologies.…”

Section: Role Of Chloride Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Petrus

Schlipf

Cheng

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

312

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following statement: These materials can be processed from solution and yet exhibit optoelectronic materials properties described in classic solid-state physics textbooks. This unprecedented combination has led to photovoltaic devices that can be processed at room temperature and achieve performance levels similar to industry giant polycrystalline silicon, from a starting point of 3.8% in 2009. [1][2][3][4] The first light-emitting electrochemical cells [5] and diodes [6][7][8] have also been introduced recently, leading to tunable light emission spectra and internal quantum efficiencies exceeding 15%.The road towards these achievements has been marked by a constant improvement of perovskite deposition techniques fueled by our increasing understanding of the crystallization processes. The choice of deposition technique, either from solution or vapor, and the composition and order in which precursor species are applied has a great influence on the crystallization kinetics. Here, one can distinguish one-step methods where the perovskite is formed from a precursor mixture dissolved in a common solution, and two-step methods where the inorganic compound is deposited first and transformed to the perovskite phase later by addition of the organic constituents. [9][10][11] Furthermore, many parameters during processing can have an effect on the crystallization mechanism and consequently on film morphology, such as the choice of solvents, concentrations and processing additives that are often not incorporated into the final product. [11][12][13] We discuss this aspect in Section 2, where we focus our attention on the most commonly employed solution-based techniques. Additionally, as for any new technology trying to displace an incumbent technology, higher efficiencies, lower costs, reproducibility, stability, and sustainability are paramount. In particular, reproducibility has been a major challenge in perovskite solar cells from the beginning: small variations in morphology, like crystal size, film roughness, and pinholes can have detrimental effects on photovoltaic performance. [14] On the other hand, current-voltage measurements often showed a hysteresis that is rarely seen in other photovoltaic technologies. [15] These topics are highlighted in Sections 3 and 4. Finally, in Section 5 we discuss the framework for market introduction, such as cost reduction by choosing low-cost charge transport layers, or how the lifetime of perovskite absorbers can be extended by the choice of materials composition.Hybrid metal halide perovskites have become one of the hottest topics in optoelectronic materials research in recent years. Not only have they surpassed everyone's expectations and achieved similar performance as tried and true polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic devices, but they are also finding applications in a variety of different fields, including lighting. The main advantages of hybrid metal halide perovskites are simple processability, compatible with large-scale solution processing such as roll-to-roll printing, a...

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Section: Role Of Chloride Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Petrus

Schlipf

Cheng

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

312

201

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“…1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 With the realization of brighter X-ray sources and faster detectors, in-situ and operando XRD measurements are becoming more common. [112][113][114][115] In the context of best practices for these techniques, all of the previous discussion applies. The importance of understanding the influence of beam damage and taking care during structure determination is amplified by the longer times and larger data sets.…”

Section: Further Considerations In Diffraction Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Detection limit: ≤0.01 at.%, but element specific 136,137 • Spot size: 100 μm to 1 mm, but can be reduced in μXRF 134 • Accurate quantification can be limited by self-absorption effects in films with high concentrations of the element analyzed 112 • Inaccurate quantification can occur if the sample is insufficiently thick to attenuate the primary X-ray beam or if the sample is not homogeneous 135 • Typically limited to heavier elements for standard Be detector windows: Z ≥ 11 (Na) 137 • Escape peaks can be generated 138 Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX or EDS)…”

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confidence: 99%

Perovskite-Inspired Photovoltaic Materials: Toward Best Practices in Materials Characterization and Calculations

et al. 2017

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ABSTRACT:Recently, there has been an explosive growth in research based on hybrid lead-halide perovskites for photovoltaics owing to rapid improvements in efficiency. The advent of these materials for solar applications has led to widespread interest in understanding the key enabling properties of these materials. This has resulted in renewed interest in related compounds and a search for materials that may replicate the defect-tolerant properties and long lifetimes of the hybrid lead-halide perovskites. Given the rapid pace of development of the field, the rises in efficiencies of these systems have outpaced the more basic understanding of these materials. Measuring or calculating the basic properties, such as crystal/electronic structure and composition, can be challenging because some of these materials have anisotropic structures, and/or are composed of both heavy metal cations and volatile, mobile, light elements. Some consequences are beam damage during characterization, composition change under vacuum, or compound effects, such as the alteration of the electronic structure through the influence of the substrate. These effects make it challenging to understand the basic properties integral to optoelectronic operation. Compounding these difficulties is the rapid pace with which the field progresses. This has created an ongoing need to continually evaluate best practices with respect to characterization and calculations, as well as to identify inconsistencies in reported values to determine if those inconsistencies are rooted in characterization methodology or materials synthesis. This article describes the difficulties in characterizing hybrid lead-halide perovskites and new materials, and how these challenges may be overcome. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 2 challenges discussed. The focus in this article is on crystallography, composition measurements, photoemission spectroscopy and calculations on perovskites and new, related absorbers. We suggest how some of the important artifacts could be avoided and how the reporting for each technique could be streamlined between groups to ensure reproducibility as the field progresses.

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“…The resulting lms do, however, not contain substantial amounts of chloride, as discussed elsewhere. 19 The overall reaction for formation of the hybrid perovskite is proposed to be:…”

Section: Solution-based Synthesis Of Mapbx 3 and Structural Charactermentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical engineering of methylammonium lead iodide/bromide perovskites: tuning of opto-electronic properties and photovoltaic performance

et al. 2015

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Hybrid (organic-inorganic) lead trihalide perovskites have attracted much attention in recent years due to their exceptionally promising potential for application in solar cells. Here a controlled one-step method is presented where PbCl 2 is combined with three equivalents methylammonium halide (MAX, with X ¼ I and/or Br) in polar solvents to form MAPb(I 1Àx Br x ) 3 perovskite films upon annealing in air at 145 C. The procedure allows for a linear increment of the semiconductor bandgap from 1.60 eV to 2.33 eV by increasing the Br content. A transition from a tetragonal to a cubic structure is found when the Br fraction is larger than 0.3. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigations shows that the increase of Br content is accompanied by a shift of the valence band edge to lower energy. Simultaneously, the conduction band moves to higher energy, but this shift is less pronounced. Time-resolved single-photon counting experiments of the perovskite materials on mesoporous TiO 2 show faster decay kinetics for Br containing perovskites, indicative of improved electron injection into TiO 2 . Interestingly, kinetics of MAPbI 2.7 Br 0.3 Cl y on TiO 2 scaffold became faster after prolonged excitation during the measurement. In solar cell devices, MAPbI 2.7 Br 0.3 Cl y yielded best performance, giving more than 14% power conversion efficiency when used in combination with an n-type contact consisting of fluorine-doped tinoxide glass coated with dense TiO 2 and a mesoporous Al 2 O 3 scaffold, and a p-type contact, spiro-MeOTAD/Ag.

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Chloride in Lead Chloride-Derived Organo-Metal Halides for Perovskite-Absorber Solar Cells

Cited by 264 publications

References 41 publications

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite-Inspired Photovoltaic Materials: Toward Best Practices in Materials Characterization and Calculations

Chemical engineering of methylammonium lead iodide/bromide perovskites: tuning of opto-electronic properties and photovoltaic performance

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