Chloride balance of an urban basin in the Chicago area

Wulkowicz, Gerald M.; Saleem, Z. A.

doi:10.1029/wr010i005p00974

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Most studies were conducted in small, urbanized watersheds ranging in size from 104 to 435 km 2 . Retention percentages were found to be 55% in a stream watershed in the greater Toronto, Canada area [ Howard and Hayes , 1993], 50–65% in Helsinki, Finland [ Ruth , 2003], 28–45% in Chicago, Illinois [ Wulkowicz and Saleem , 1974], 59% in Rochester, New York [ Bubeck et al , 1971], and 35% in Boston, Massachusetts [ Huling and Hollocher , 1972].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Elevated and/or increasing chloride concentrations attributable to road salt applications are present in groundwater and surface waters in urban environments in northern climate regions [ Andrews et al , 1997; Andrews et al , 2005; Bowen and Hinton , 1998; Fong , 2000; Godwin et al , 2003; Kaushal et al , 2005; Kelly , 2008; Lofgren , 2001; Marsalek , 2003; Novotny et al , 2008; Thunquist , 2004]. Mass balance studies on individual streams with watershed areas less than 450 km 2 indicate that between 27% and 65% of the road salt applied was retained within the individual urban watersheds [ Bubeck et al , 1971; Howard and Hayes , 1993; Huling and Hollocher , 1972; Ruth , 2003; Wulkowicz and Saleem , 1974].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chloride ion transport and mass balance in a metropolitan area using road salt

Novotny

Sander

Mohseni

et al. 2009

Water Resources Research

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[1] In the Twin Cities metropolitan area (TCMA) of Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota, an estimated 317,000 metric tons (t) of road salt were used annually for road deicing between 2000 and 2005. To determine the annual retention of road salt, a chloride budget was conducted for a 4150 km 2 watershed encompassing the populated areas of the TCMA. In addition to inflows and outflows in the major rivers of the TCMA, multiple sources of chloride were examined, but only road salt and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents were large enough to be included in the analysis. According to the chloride budget, 235,000 t of chloride entered the TCMA annually with the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers, and 355,000 t exited through the Mississippi River. Of the 120,000 t of chloride added annually to the rivers inside the TCMA watershed boundaries, 87,000 t came from WWTPs and 33,000 t came from road salt. Of the 142,000 t of chloride applied annually in the TCMA watershed as road salt (241,000 t NaCl), only 23% (33,000 t) were exported through the Mississippi River and 109,000 t or 77% were retained in the TCMA watershed. Chloride budgets for 10 subwatersheds within the TCMA analyzed in a similar way, gave an average chloride retention rate of 72%. The retention is occurring in the soils, surface waters (numerous lakes, wetlands, and ponds) and in the groundwater. Chloride concentrations in many of these urban water bodies are now considerably higher than the presettlement background levels of less than 3 mg/L with concentrations as high as 2000 mg/L in shallow groundwater wells. The continued accumulation of chloride in the groundwater and surface waters is a cause for concern.Citation: Novotny, E. V., A. R. Sander, O. Mohseni, and H. G. Stefan (2009), Chloride ion transport and mass balance in a metropolitan area using road salt, Water Resour. Res., 45, W12410,

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloride ion transport and mass balance in a metropolitan area using road salt

Novotny

Sander

Mohseni

et al. 2009

Water Resources Research

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“…This protracted release of NaCl from soils, months after the last deicing salt application, has been noted elsewhere (e.g. Wulkowicz and Saleem, 1974;Cherkauer, 1975).…”

Section: Water and Nacl Storage Andflux In The Unsaturated Zonementioning

confidence: 91%

Road Salt Accumulation in Highway Snow Banks and Transport Through the Unsaturated Zone of the Oak Ridges Moraine, Southern Ontario

Labadia

Buttle

1996

Hydrol. Process.

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Pathways and fate of road deicing salt (NaC1) applied during the 1994-1995 winter were studied for a 14-km section of a major highway that crosses the Oak Ridges Moraine in southern Ontario. Total salt applications over the winter ranged from 29 to 74kgm-' of highway, and NaCl concentrations in snow banks adjacent to the roadway reached 9400 mg 1-' during the later stages of snow cover development. This salt was released to the ground surface during snowmelt. Sodium chloride (NaCl) loadings to soil from snow cover during the final melt phase were relatively uniform along the study section (3-5 kg NaCl m-' of highway). However, the snowpack at all transects retained 4 0 % of applied NaCI, and this shortfall probably reflected direct runoff and infiltration of saline meltwater from the road surface into the adjacent shoulder and right-of-way. Cation exchange with Ca2+ in near-surface soils most likely resulted in preferential retention of Na' relative to C1-, although total storage of NaCl in upper soil horizons by winter's end was <15% of deicing salt applications. An environmental tracer ('*O) was used to trace movement of saline meltwater through the unsaturated zone underlying the highway. Average meltwater particle velocities at a site underlain by loam soils were 0.02md-', and ca. 280mm of water was displaced below a depth of 1.86m over a 78-day period in the spring and summer of 1995. Sodium ion and chloride ion concentrations in water sampled in late summer 1995 at depths >2m exceeded 500mg1-' and lOOOmgl-', respectively. Approximately 75% of the net flux of NaCl below the upper soil was retained in the 0-2.8m depth interval at this site, and results from more permeable soils traversed by the highway indicate an even greater penetration of the annual NaCl application into the unsaturated zone along the moraine. This saline water likely recharges groundwater in this portion of the Oak Ridges Moraine.

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“…Road-deicing chemicals are a primary source of Cl -and other constituents to water resources near highways or other impervious areas in the northern United States (Bubeck and others, 1971;Mullaney and others, 2009;Wulkowicz and Saleem, 1974). The use of NaCl in the United States increased from 42.9 million tons in 1975 to nearly 58.5 million tons in 2005 (Kostick and others, 2007).…”

Section: Road Deicing Chemicals and Their Application In The Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urbanization and the associated construction or expansion of roads, highways, and parking lots typically lead to an increased use of road deicers in the northern United States (Bubeck and others, 1971;Wulkowicz and Saleem, 1974;Granato and others, 1995;Mullaney and others, 2009;Cassanelli and Robbins, 2013). A primary concern regarding road deicing is the degradation of surface water and groundwater that may be used for aquatic habitat (Williams and others, 1999;Corsi and others, 2010;Trowbridge and others, 2010) or for drinking-water supply (Ostendorf and others, 2006;Heath and Belaval, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloride concentrations, loads, and yields in four watersheds along Interstate 95, southeastern Connecticut, 2008-11: factors that affect peak chloride concentrations during winter storms

Brown¹,

Mullaney²,

Morrison³

et al. 2015

Scientific Investigations Report

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For more information on the USGS-the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment-visit http://www.usgs.gov/ or call 1-888-ASK-USGS.For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod/.Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner.Suggested citation: Brown, C.J., Mullaney, J.R., Morrison, Jonathan, Martin, J.W., and Trombley, T.J., 2015, Chloride concentrations, loads, and yields in four watersheds along Interstate 95, southeastern Connecticut, 2008-11-Factors that affect peak chloride concentrations during winter storms: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5057, 68 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155057. ISSN 2328-0328 (online) iii AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank Eloise Powell, Robert Turner, and Patricia Cazenas of the Federal Highway Administration; Paul Corrente, Kevin Carifa, and James Spencer of the Connecticut Department of Transportation; and the Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering team for technical input and guidance and for providing data or information. In addition, the authors would like to thank U.S. Geological Survey employees Timothy Sargent, David Bjerklie, Daniel Lolos, Remo Mondazzi, and Timothy Frick for maintenance of streamgages and water-quality monitors, and collection of water-quality samples. Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as °F = (1.8 × °C) + 32. DatumVertical coordinate information is referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88).Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83).Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum. x Supplemental InformationSpecific conductance is given in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (µS/cm at 25 °C).Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given in milligrams per liter (mg/L), unless otherwise noted. Chloride concentrations varied considerably in shallow Jordan Brook watersheds, where developed land ranged from groundwater as a result of land-use differences. Cl -concen-9 to 32 percent. Water-quality samples were collected and spe-trations were very high (as high as 800 mg/L) in shallow cific conductance was measured continuously at paired watergroundwater downstream from I-95 at the Four Mile River quality monitoring sites, upstream and downstream from I-95. site. Chloride/bromide mass concentration ratios and the Specific conductance values were related to Cl -concentrations proximity of a former landfill and sewage lagoon upstream to assist in determining the effects of road-deicin...

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Chloride balance of an urban basin in the Chicago area

Cited by 25 publications

References 11 publications

Chloride ion transport and mass balance in a metropolitan area using road salt

Chloride ion transport and mass balance in a metropolitan area using road salt

Road Salt Accumulation in Highway Snow Banks and Transport Through the Unsaturated Zone of the Oak Ridges Moraine, Southern Ontario

Chloride concentrations, loads, and yields in four watersheds along Interstate 95, southeastern Connecticut, 2008-11: factors that affect peak chloride concentrations during winter storms

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