Chloramphenicol

doi:10.1002/9781118325421.ch10

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 43 publications

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“…Cycloheximide is an example of an antifungal agent usually used to suppress eukaryotic growth and more importantly, fungi from mixed cultures (Chauhan & Jindal, 2020). While chloramphenicol is a common antimicrobial agent due to being effective towards a wide spectrum of bacteria (Anderson et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Selective Media for Komagataeibacter intermedius and Dekkera bruxellensis from a Mixed Culture

Pratama

Devanthi

Kho

2021

Nusantara Science and Technology Proceedings

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Komagataeibacter intermedius and Dekkera bruxellensis are some of the most commonly found bacteria and yeast, respectively, during Kombucha fermentation. The development of selective media for separating both species is essential to make an accurate cell enumeration. This study aimed to develop a selective media for the enumeration of K. intermedius and D. bruxellensis from a mixed culture sample. Hestrin and Schramm (HS) agar and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) were chosen as the enumeration media for K. intermedius and D. bruxellensis, respectively. To select for K. intermedius, HS agar was added with various concentrations of cycloheximide (0, 1, and 10 mg/mL), NaCl (2% and 5%), and acetic acid (1%). To select for D. bruxellensis, PDA was added with various concentrations of chloramphenicol (0, 0.3, and 3 μg/mL) and NaCl (2% and 5%). Each culture (~10 6 log CFU/mL) was serially diluted and plated on the respective agar media, followed by incubation at 30°C for 1-6 days. The results showed that PDA containing 2% NaCl could completely suppress K. intermedius growth while permitting complete recovery of D. bruxellensis. However, it took 6 days until visible growth was observed by D. bruxellensis. Moreover, HS with the addition of 1% acetic acid successfully inhibited D.bruxellensis while allowing the complete recovery of K. intermedius. The findings suggested that the two media were suitable for separating K. intermedius and D. bruxellensis on agar media, thus allowing a more accurate cell counting in studies involving the mixed cultures of both species.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Selective Media for Komagataeibacter intermedius and Dekkera bruxellensis from a Mixed Culture

Pratama

Devanthi

Kho

2021

Nusantara Science and Technology Proceedings

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Scientific Opinion on Chloramphenicol in food and feed

2014

EFS2

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Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic not authorised for use in food-producing animals in the European Union (EU). However, being produced by soil bacteria, it may occur in plants. The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of chloramphenicol in food and feed and whether a reference point for action (RPA) of 0.3 µg/kg is adequate to protect public and animal health. Data on occurrence of chloramphenicol in food extracted from the national residue monitoring plan results and from the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) were too limited to carry out a reliable human dietary exposure assessment. Instead, human dietary exposure was calculated for a scenario in which chloramphenicol is present at 0.3 µg/kg in all foods of animal origin, foods containing enzyme preparations and foods which may be contaminated naturally. The mean chronic dietary exposure for this worst-case scenario would range from 11 to 17 and 2.2 to 4.0 ng/kg b.w. per day for toddlers and adults, respectively. The potential dietary exposure of livestock to chloramphenicol was estimated to be below 1 µg/kg b.w. per day. Chloramphenicol is implicated in the generation of aplastic anaemia in humans and causes reproductive/hepatotoxic effects in animals. Margins of exposure for these effects were calculated at 2.4 × 10 5 or greater and the CONTAM Panel concluded that it is unlikely that exposure to food contaminated with chloramphenicol at or below 0.3 µg/kg is a health concern for aplastic anaemia or reproductive/hepatotoxic effects. Chloramphenicol exhibits genotoxicity but, owing to the lack of data, the risk of carcinogenicity cannot be assessed. The SUMMARYChloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and, in the past, has been widely used to treat infections in both humans and animals. Chloramphenicol is not authorised for use in food-producing animals in the European Union (EU) but may be used in human medicine and in treatments for non-food-producing animals. Apart from its potential occurrence as a residue in food from illicit treatment of food-producing animals, chloramphenicol has also been used in feed and food enzyme products and may occur naturally in plants from its production by the soil bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae.The EFSA Scientific Opinion entitled "Guidance on methodological principles and scientific methods to be taken into account when establishing Reference Points for Action (RPAs) for non-allowed pharmacologically active substances present in food of animal origin" identified an approach for establishing RPAs for various categories of non-allowed pharmacologically active substances. However, the opinion also identified certain categories of non-allowed pharmacologically active substances that are considered to be outside the scope of the procedure, including substances causing blood dyscrasias (aplastic anaemia) such as chloramphenicol. As chloramphenicol is excluded fro...

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Chloramphenicol

Cited by 2 publications

References 43 publications

Development of Selective Media for Komagataeibacter intermedius and Dekkera bruxellensis from a Mixed Culture

Development of Selective Media for Komagataeibacter intermedius and Dekkera bruxellensis from a Mixed Culture

Scientific Opinion on Chloramphenicol in food and feed

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